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PSYC 342 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal messengers can travel…

A

Anywhere in the body
1mm - 2 meters

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2
Q

Analogy of Neural transmission vs Hormonal communications

A

Neurotransmission: Train track (FAST))
Hormones: Bicycle (several paths but SLOW)

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3
Q

Hormone can have double action in diff tissues

A

e.g Epinephrine Hormone has double action in Liver cell with Beta receptor and blood vessel with beta receptor

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4
Q

Forms of Chemical Communication

A

Intractrine meditiation -> intracellular events
Autocrine -> Same cells that secreted them
Paracrine mediation-> affect adjacent cells
Endocrine mediation -> travel to distant targets
Ectocrine -> release into environment like pheromones

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5
Q

Diff between NT and Horomone

A

How they communicate

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6
Q

Neurohormone

A

Produced by neuron

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7
Q

Neuromodulator

A

Modulates response of a neuron to other factors(testorstorone)

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8
Q

Endocrine System

A

Endocrine glands - ductless, has rich blood supply, hormones secreted into the blood stream, can travel to virtually every cell in the body and can potentially interact with any cell that has appropriate receptors
Exocrine glands - outside the body

Pancreas

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9
Q

Pancreas

A

Has both endocrine and exocrine glands

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10
Q

Resistance

A

If we don’t have enough receptors then we have resistance

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11
Q

Type 2 diabetes is…

A

Insulin resistance
Regular levels of insulin secretion are not sufficient to uptake the sugar levels in blood and transport to the inside of the cell

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12
Q

Cross reaction

A

When the blood concentration of a hormone is high binding with receptors that are specific for other related hormones reactions can occur causing a biological response

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13
Q

Polypeptides

A

Hydrophilic
Insulin
Epinephrine

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14
Q

Steroids

A

Hydrophobic
Cortisol

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15
Q

Amines

A

Epinephrine - Hydrophilic (Water-soluble)
Thyroxine - Hydrophobic (Lipid Soluble)

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16
Q

Lipid-soluble horomones

A

Testosterones
Progesterone
Need a carrier protein

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17
Q

Water-soluble horomones

A

Do not need a carrier
Need a receptor to get into the cell

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18
Q

Pathway hormone goes through depends on

A

Action of hormone

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19
Q

Hormones to learn: Slide 9 (Study)

A

Insulin, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone
Steroids like estrogen androgens testosterone and cortisol

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control of hormone secretions

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21
Q

Thyroid

A

Growth and development; metabolic rate

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22
Q

Adrenal glands (on top of kidney)

A
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23
Q

Placenta -important female endocrine organ

A

Auxiliary organ necessary for embryonic development
Chorionic hormones are produced by placenta

24
Q

Main releasing hormones:

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH, somatocrinin)

25
Q

Main inhibiting hormones:

A

somatostatin (growth hormone, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and dopamine DA)

26
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) -Hypothalamus

A

Excitatory Hypothalamic hormones
Synthesized within the anterior portion of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (Pva) and it stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Nourishes the adrenal glands

27
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - Hypothalamus

A

Controls release of luteinizing hormone in the follicle stimulating hormone
LH and FSH are fundamental in communication with the gonads

28
Q

Tropic

A

Nourishment`

29
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone -Hypothalamus

A

Tells the gland that produces growth hormone to release the GH
Secreted in VMN and arcuate nuclues of the hypothalamus

30
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

31
Q

Melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH) - Hypothalamis

A

Hexapeptide that stimulates the secretion of melanotropin

32
Q

Kisspeptin - Hypothalamus

A

Has an important role in initiating secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at puberty, involved ins sexual maturation

33
Q

Inhibitory Hypothalamic hormones - Hypothalmus

A

Dopamine (DA) -arcuate nucleus, primary prolactin-inhibitory hormones
Somatostatin (SOM) - growth hormone inhibiting hormone

34
Q

Pituitary hormones

A

Pituitary receives a lot of commands from the hypothalamus

35
Q

Anterior pituitaryvs

A

Develops from embryonic structure that comes from the roof of the mouth and migrates to the final location of the brain

36
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Outgrowth from base of the brain

37
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones - SLid 16

A
38
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Axonal projections from hypothalamus
Neurohormones are directly secreted into structure

39
Q

Vasopressin - Pituitary Posterior

A
40
Q

HPT

A

hypothalamus->pituitary->thyroid

41
Q

Specific thyroid hormones

A

T3(triiodothyronine) and T4(thyroxine)

42
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

Precursor of T3 and T4 that people get for thyroid treatment

43
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overactive thyroid

44
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Underactive thyroid

45
Q

Three general effects of thyroid hormones in mammals

A

Affect metabolism
Alter growth and differentiation
Influence reproduction

46
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

Elevates blood levels of calcium (Ca2+)
Increases reabsorption of Ca2+ from the bone and from the gut

47
Q

Calitonin

A

Released from the C cells of the thyroid
CT acts in opposition to parathyroid hormone to lower levels of calcium by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the bone

48
Q

Both Parathryoid and Calcitonin hormones…

A

Are controlled by blood calcium levels (no releasing hormones acting)

49
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Both endocrine and exocrine gland
Consists of exocrine cells that produce and secrete digestive juices into the intestines
Nested throughout the exocrine tissue are islands of endocrine tissue called islets of Langerhans

50
Q

4 cell types in islets of Langerhans

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
polypetide secreting cells

51
Q

alpha cells in pancreas

A

produce glucagon
glucagon travels to licer and stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glycogen)
Acts in opposition to insulin
Serves to increase blood levels of glucose

52
Q

beta cells

A

Insulin acts in these cells first
Diabetes is caused by decreased response to insulin
The insulin molecule is concserved through evolution
Insulin is the only known hormone that can lower blood sugar

53
Q

Delta celles

A

Produce somatostatin (inhibitory)
inhibits the release of insulin and glucogons in the pancreas
also released from hypothalamus to to regulate the release of GH from the anterior pituitary

54
Q

THE DISCOVERY OF INSULIN

A

Watch the video

55
Q
A

PSYC 342 (2 decks)

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