Lecture 3 Flashcards
Question: What is the key difference between “illness” and “disease”?
Answer: “Illness” is the perception of ill health based on unobservable symptoms, while “disease” refers to severe ailments often caused by genetic, environmental, or cellular factors.
Question: Name three factors that can influence the perception of symptoms in individuals.
Answer: Factors include cultural background, gender, age, education, occupation, health status, family beliefs, and how others interpret symptoms.
Question: Define “causality” as it relates to illness beliefs.
Answer: “Causality” refers to what causes individuals attribute to their symptoms, not necessarily their accuracy.
they say what they think causes their symptoms, not what it scientifically actually is
Question: How is “controllability” associated with self-rated health, preventive care, and behavior?
Answer: “Controllability” pertains to the extent to which individuals believe they can control their illness. It’s linked to self-rated health, engagement in preventive care, and health-related behaviors.
Question: Explain “perceived susceptibility” and “perceived severity” in the context of the Health Belief Model.
Answer: “Perceived susceptibility” is the perception of the risk of contracting a disease, while “perceived severity” is concerned with the seriousness of the disease and the consequences of leaving it untreated. Together, they form the “perceived threat.”
Question: Describe the concept of “chronic illness” as a form of work and disruption.
Answer: “Chronic illness” involves three dimensions of work: illness-related work (care and treatment), everyday life work (responding to impacts), and biographical work (cognitive, emotional, and self-identity aspects). It is also seen as a biological disruption.
Question: What are “health belief systems,” and how are they related to culture and social location?
Answer: “Health belief systems” are systematic sets of ideas regarding health and self-care shared by various cultural and social groups. These systems are shaped by cultural values, norms, and social context.
Question: How do the definitions of “disease” discussed in the text vary?
Answer: “Disease” typically refers to diagnosed pathogens and abnormal functioning, but definitions can vary.
Question: Compare the leading causes of death in North America in 1900 with those in Canada in 2019 and 2020.
Answer: In 1900, leading causes included pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and heart diseases. In Canada in 2019, top causes were cancer and heart diseases. In 2020, COVID-19 became one of the leading causes.
Question: What is the “Health Belief Model,” and how does it relate to perceptions of health threat?
Answer: The “Health Belief Model” proposes that perceived health threat is a combination of “perceived susceptibility” (risk perception) and “perceived severity” (assessment of disease seriousness).
Question: What are the three distinct Indigenous Peoples of Canada?
Answer: The three distinct Indigenous Peoples of Canada are First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, each with its own unique cultural and historical identity.
Question: Describe Indigenous medical systems before colonization. What were their key characteristics?
Answer: Indigenous medical systems were complex, diverse, and adaptable. They were characterized by oral traditional knowledge, subjectivity, reliance on natural cycles, long-term wisdom, and were relatively weaker in distant areas.
Question: How did early written accounts by Europeans describe Indigenous healing practices and knowledge?
Answer: Early written accounts by Europeans, including traders, missionaries, and medical doctors, often described Indigenous healing practices as primitive, fraudulent, and harmful. They did not recognize these practices as valid forms of knowledge.
Question: What were the core beliefs in Indigenous healing systems at the time of European contact?
Answer: Indigenous healing systems viewed disease and health as products of nature and the supernatural. Medicine was inseparable from religion. Disease was seen as a result of the disruption of balance, and the goal of healing was the restoration of balance. Those who could heal were believed to have the power to both heal and cause harm.
Question: How did serious illnesses relate to Indigenous beliefs and moral values?
Answer: Serious illnesses were often seen as consequences of past breaches of moral values, reflecting a communal perspective on health within Indigenous communities.
