Lecture 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Democracy

A

Democracy is a political system in which citizens govern,
either by themselves or through others that are elected,
influenced, and controlled by the people (direct or
indirect), in a way that puts each citizen equal with every
other (equality in influence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ideal criteria of democracy

A
  1. Effective participation: Before a policy is adopted, all the citizens
    must have equal and effective opportunities for making their views
    known to other citizens.
  2. Equality in voting: When decisions about policy are made, every
    citizen must have an equal and effective opportunity to vote and all
    votes must be counted as equal.
  3. Enlightened understanding: Within reasonable limits, each citizen
    must have equal and effective opportunities to learn about the relevant
    alternative policies and their likely consequences.
  4. Control of the agenda: Citizens must have the opportunity to decide
    how and what matters are to be placed on the agenda.
  5. Inclusion of adults: With minimal exceptions, all permanent adult
    residents should have the full rights of citizens that are implied by the
    first four criteria.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Realistic criteria of democracy

A
  1. Elected officials: decisions are checked and legitimated by elected
    representatives;
  2. Free, fair, and frequent elections: elected officials are chosen in frequent,
    free and fair election;
  3. Alternative sources of information: citizens have the right and the
    possibility to gather information from alternative and independent sources
  4. Freedom of expression: citizens have the right to express themselves,
    also in a critical sense, on all possible political and administrative matters;
  5. Freedom of assembly and association: citizens are free to organize
    themselves in associations and groups, including independent interest
    groups and political parties taking part in elections;
  6. Inclusive citizenship: with minimal exceptions, no citizens are excluded
    from the abovementioned rights and opportunities, including the right to
    elect or be elected.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reasons for democracy

A
  • Prevention of tyranny
  • Protection of essential rights
  • Guarantee of freedom
  • Self-protection
  • Self-determination
  • Moral autonomy
  • Human development
  • Restriction of inequality
  • Peace-keeping
  • Creation of prosperity

(denk niet dat je ze allemaal moet kennen, maar een paar is handig)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Waves of Democracy

A
  • First wave: 1828-1926 (to 29)
  • First counter movement: 1922-1942 (back to 12)
  • Second wave: 1943-1962 (to 36)
  • Second counter movement: 1958-1975 (back to 30)

• Third wave: 1974-1991 (to 65, of which 35 ‘most
democratic’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Democratization

A

Process by which states build the institutions and processes
needed to become stable democracies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stages of democratisation

A
  • Subversion/Liberalization of authoritarian regime
  • Transition to democracy
  • Consolidation of democracy
  • Deepening democracy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

forms/types of democracy

A
  • Based on historical/philosophical background
  • Based on substantiality
  • Based on participation level
  • Based on institutional setting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Three Aspects of Democracy

A

• Level of Democracy: presence and substantiality (Freedom
House; EIU; Polity IV)
• Full democracy (liberal democracy)
• Electoral democracy (illiberal/flawed democracy)

• Model of Democracy: institutional settings (Lijphart; Maleki &
Hendriks)
• Majoritarian (aggregative) vs. Consensus (integrative) democracy
• Participative (direct) vs. Spectative (indirect) democracy

• Quality/Performance of Democracy: effectiveness and
legitimacy (WGI; EIU)
• Effective democracy
• Ineffective/unsatisfactory/failed democracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two Dimensions of Democracy (Dahl)

A
  • Contestation (Competition) (How to decide?)
  • Right to compete
  • Rate of contestation (vs. cooperation)
  • Participation (Inclusiveness) (Who decide?)
  • Right to participate (suffrage)
  • Rate of participation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Measuring Democracy

A
  • Conceptualization
  • What to measure? (contestation & participation)
  • Measurement
  • How to measure? What indicators? (right or rate)

• Index Construction
• How to develop an index? (average, additive, factor
analysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aggregative (majoritarian) democracy

A
  • simple majority of 50% + 1 decides (the winner takes all)

* based on voting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• Integrative (non-majoritarian, consensual) democracy

A
  • trying to reach the widest possible agreement

* based on deliberation and consensus building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

• Indirect or representative democracy

A
  • Representatives make decisions/policies

* Spectative democracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Direct democracy

A
  • People directly participate in decision/policy-making via:
  • Participatory/deliberative methods
  • Campaigns/protests/social movements
  • Referendums
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pendulum democracy (Aggregative/Spectative) pro’s and con’s

A
  • Decisiveness, swiftness
  • Clarity, Unambiguous government
  • Sensitive to the majority
  • Clear-cut accountability
  • Winner takes all
  • Over-commitment, fixation
  • One-sided government
  • Insensitive to the minority
  • Zigzagging government
  • Dissatisfied losers
17
Q

Consensus democracy (Integrative/Spectative) pro’s and con’s

A
  • Controlled integration, collaboration
  • Proportional representation
  • Pacification and accommodation
  • Channeled multiformity
  • Administrative expertise
  • Viscosity
  • Vague accountability
  • Avoidance behaviour
  • Cartel and backroom politics
  • Technocracy, expertocracy
  • Compromise politics
18
Q

Voter democracy (Aggregative/Participative) pro’s and cons

A
  • Private initiative
  • Voluntary association
  • Client-oriented government
  • Result-oriented government
  • Vibrant civic culture
  • Trust in the individual
  • Business-like efficiency
  • Public recklessness
  • Tragedy of the commons
  • Tending towards consumerism
  • Distrust of the collective
  • Survival of the strongest
19
Q

Participatory democracy (Integrative/Participative) pro’s and con’s

A
  • Concord, communality
  • Trusting the collective
  • Residents’ participation
  • Self-determination
  • Control of governors
  • Uniformization, boundlessness
  • Distrusting individualists
  • Residents’ overburdening
  • Hyper-accountability
  • Fatigue of participation
20
Q

Forms of Authoritarianism

A

• Absolute monarchy: ruling sovereign from
royal family
• Ruling party: rule by a single party
• Personal rule: a president dominates
government and media
• Military rule: the military ruling through a junta
• Theocracy: religious leaders rule
• Competitive authoritarian regimes:
“democracy without turnover,
competition without alteration”(Huntington)