Lecture 2_Predicting health behaviour Flashcards
What factors predict health behaviours?
- demographic factors
- social factors
- emotional factors
- perceived symptoms
- access to medical care
- personality
- cognitive factors
Describe and explain the health belief model
S,S,B,C,B + S-E
- value-expectancy theory – valuation of the desire to avoid illness and the health expectations essential in influencing preventative behaviour
- it posits that demographic factors lead to differing levels and understanding of SUSCEPTIBILITY, SEVERITY, BENEFITS AND COSTS known related to health illness/health behaviours–> which lead to the likelihood of a health behaviour
- Perceived threat: Susceptibility - likelihood
of developing disease - Perceived severity –
consequences of this disease
-Perceived benefits – what will I gain?
-Perceived barriers – how will I lose out? - Cues to action: ◦ internal cues
/ external cues - Other modifying variables:
demographic variables sociocultural variables - self-efficacy later included: level of confidence that a person feels regarding ability to perform a health behaviour.
What are some of the limitations of the Health Belief Model?
- vague description of how constructs should be measured
- imprecise description of relationship between variables - do they affect each other in a sequential way?
- no accountability of rs with intention/behaviour
What are some of the benefits of the health belief model?
- Wide empirical support in diverse health areas
- Perceived barriers is the strongest predictor
across all kinds of health behaviours - Perceived susceptibility the next best predictor.
Describe and explain the Theory of Planned Behaviour/Theory of Reasoned Action
- looks at specific vs. general behaviours
- incorporates ATTITUDES, SUBJECTIVE NORMS, PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL –> leads to INTENTIONS –> leads to BEHAVIOUR
INCORPORATES CONTROL BELIEFS:
- Behavioural beliefs –> favourable/ unfavourable attitude toward the behaviour
Normative beliefs –> perceived social pressure to perform/not perform the behaviour
Control beliefs –> sense of self-efficacy or perceived behavioural control.
- With favourable attitudes and subjective norms, and greater perceived behavioural control, the stronger the person’s intention to perform the behaviour in question.
- Used to explain behaviour in diverse areas of health behaviours
What are the limitations of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?
◦ Assumes intentions are stable
◦ Narrow theoretical approach
◦ Attitudes alone may directly influence behaviour
◦ Over time, intentions driving behaviour becomes redundant since external cues take over rather than conscious intention.
What is the continuum versus stage approach?
Continuum approach:
◦ some variables influence people’s health behaviour
◦ these variables COMBINE to predict the likelihood that
the person will engage in a given behaviour ◦ These models predict where a person is on a
continuum of action likelihood
- HOWEVER, continuum models only focus on the outcome behaviour of interest, not on the process that leads to that outcome.
STAGE MODEL:
-Changes in behaviour take place in stages of change
- Each stage requires different strategies or processes of change to best help the individual to attain a healthier lifestyle.
Explain the various stages of the transtheoretical/stage of change model.
(A, N, C/I/B)
CONTEMPLATION: ◦ Admit that they may have a problem ◦ Seriously considering changing behaviour within next 6 months ◦ Unable to make up their minds PREPARATION: ◦ Getting ready to make a change in the very near future ◦ Have plan of action ◦ Possible history of failed attempts to change ◦ Time to make better strategies ACTION: ◦ Actively engaging in changing behaviour ◦ Period of greatest risk of relapse (6 months) ◦ Solid attempt at changing behaviour MAINTENANCE ◦ Sustain new behaviour, prevent relapse ◦ Need confidence to cope with challenges ◦ Common to relapse
What are the benefits of the transtheoretical/stage of change model?
- Accounts for intermediate variables that can influence the process of change:
for e.g.◦ decisional balance
◦ self-efficacy
◦ temptations - TTM proven useful in the context of behaviour change:
- Development of “Stage-tailored” interventions
-Concept of gradual change through specific stages makes intuitive sense.
What is the Common Sense Model of Health and Illness Representations (Leventhal)?
- Used to understand people’s responses to illness and threat of illness: individuals have unique cognitive and emotional responses to health- threats
- Proposes that illness perceptions directly influence coping strategies, which in turn influence health- related outcomes
- Illness perceptions are lay interpretations of information and personal experiences of the individual
- INCORPORATES many aspects of other models
What are the 5 cognitive domains of the CSM of Health and Illness Rrepresentations?
5 cognitive domains:
1. identity (label and symptoms)
2. timeline
3. consequences
4. cause
5. perceived controllability/ curability
1 non-cognitive domain: emotional representations
What does the revised CSM posit?
- Meta-analytic path analyses supported a process model including: illness representations, coping strategies and health-related outcomes
- Emotional representations and perceived control were consistently related to illness-related and functional
outcomes (via coping strategies to deal with symptoms or manage treatment). - drawing/narrative understanding
What are some of the screening tools used for the health models?
- Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R): provides views about their illness
- Brief IPQ (shorter, obvs)
- Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
- The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSF): examines coping ability of daily living
