Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles > Lecture 27, 28, 29, 30 - pets, farming and animal welfare systems > Flashcards

Lecture 27, 28, 29, 30 - pets, farming and animal welfare systems Flashcards

1
Q

main commercial pig breeds?

A

Large white, Hampshire, Landrace, Pietrain, Duroc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

castrated male goat?

A

wether

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

castrated male pig?

A

barrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

castrated male chicken?

A

capon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

castrated male deer?

A

Havier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

young female goat?

A

doeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

young female deer

A

yearling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what species has offspring called fawn/kid/calf?

A

deer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a young female pig called?

A

gilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an intensive farming system?

A

a system of farming that uses large amounts of labour and capital relative to land area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

some examples of intensive farming systems?

A

pig and poultry operating systems, feedlot and dairy operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an extensive farming system?

A

a system of farming that uses small amounts of labour and capital relative to land area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

common examples of extensive farming systems?

A

sheep and cattle farming in areas with low agricultural productivity, eg NZ hill country, Austrian outback stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what production system is NZ farming mostly an example of?

A

extensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how many commercial pig farms are in NZ?

A

roughly 90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

average heard side of pig farms in NZ?

A

300 sows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

percentage of NZ pig farms that are outdoor?

A

40-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the name of the farming system where there is an outdoor based breeding herd, and an indoor-based housing system for growing pigs post weaning?

A

free farmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the percentage of pig farms in NZ that are free range?

A

2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of pig production system has an outdoor based breeding herd, newly weaned piglets may be kept for a short period in a fenced outdoor pen with a shelter before they are fully transitioned for rearing outdoors during the grower-finisher period?

A

free range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what percentage of NZ meat chickens are raised in barns?

A

97% - the other 3% are free range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does free range look like in the poultry industry?

A

birds are housed in a barn but can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

poultry production for eggs - what percentage are in colony cages?

A

33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

poultry production for eggs - what percentage are in free range systems (access to an extensive outdoor area with an indoor shelter)?

A

34%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

poultry production for eggs - what percentage are in a barn (deep litter system, similar to a broiler house)?

A

33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

new zealand leads the world in poultry performance, in terms of growth, feed conversion and egg production. why is this?

A
  • the superior health of the NZ poultry flock
  • we are free of three major poultry diseases ( infectious bursal
    disease, exotic Newcastle disease and avian influenza)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what three major poultry diseases is NZ free from?

A

infectious bursal disease, exotic Newcastle disease and avian influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how long does it take an NZ male broiler chick to reach 20kgs vs elsewhere?

A

30 days to reach 20kg here, more like 40 days elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how many eggs do NZ layer hens typically lay per year?

A

300-320 eggs per year (damn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of climate does NZ have, and what does that mean?

A

NZ has a temperate climate, which means we grow good grass :)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

beef and lamb NZ - how many farm classes are there?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

beef and lamb NZ - what are the farm classes based off?

A

based on land type and/or farming activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

beef and lamb NZ - what are the farm classes based off?

A

based on land type and/or farming activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what has there recently been an increased interest in in the dairy industry?

A

dairy sheep and goats… whyyyyyy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

dairy NZ - how many production systems are there?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

dairy NZ - what are the production systems based on?

A

based on feed inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what type of farming in particular uses cut and carry method for feeding?

A

goat farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does organic mean?

A

organic is a labelling term used on products produced in accordance with organic production standards, which may be certified by a certification body or authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

true or false - is MPI a third party agency for organic certification?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

who are NZ’s two largest certifiers of organic stuff?

A

BioGro New Zealand, and AsureQuality Limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is organic agriculture based around?

A

minimising the use of external inputs (synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, antibiotics, growth promotants, genetic modification, and irradiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

true or false - do ALL types of production systems have to handle issues surrounding biosecurity, environmental management/regulations, animal welfare, and sustainability?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the grass of choice for permanent pastures?

A

perennial ryegrass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is perennial ryegrass compatible with, and the ideal mix of the two?

A

white clover, in a ryegrasss:clover mix of 80:20

45
Q

Lolium perenne - this is the latin name for what?

A

Perennial ryegrass

46
Q

Trifolium repens - is the latin name for what?

A

White clover

47
Q

what is pasture growth primarily driven by?

A

temperature and rainfall

48
Q

why is the management of spring pasture important? (this is when there is the surplus)

A

because is drives the feed availability/quality in summer

49
Q

what can be used in the farm system to provide high quality feed at appropriate times of the year to specific classes of livestock?

A

specialist pastures and crops

50
Q

when are the two stages of deficit, and what happens in each?

A

winter - cold, lowest growth rates
summer - dry, growth rate and quality declines

51
Q

what is pasture growth (growth rate) measured as?

A

kg DM/ha/day (DM = dry matter)

52
Q

what is pasture mass (quantity) measured as?

A

kg DM/ ha

53
Q

type of grass that establishes rapidly, yields well, tolerates a range of management practices, and has high nutritive value

A

perennial ryegrass

54
Q

grass composition - what percentage is moisture, and what percentage is dry matter?

A

80% moisture, 20% dry matter

55
Q

what is dry matter made up of?

A

carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, other plant compounds

56
Q

how much dry matter does cereal grains contain?

A

85%

57
Q

most feeds contain what percentage of minerals in the dry matter (ash=estimation of minterals)?

A

10%

58
Q

true or false - does the nutritional value of the plant change throughout the year?

A

true

59
Q

what happens if you feed an animal excess protein?

A

they just metabolise it as urine

60
Q

speeding up the rotation, harvest and make grass silage or hay, top/mow, take paddocks “out” and plant something (eg a crop to use in summer/winter, or for grass renewal etc), or getting more/other stock are examples of things to do during a periods of what?

A

surplus

61
Q

alternate forages - brassicas (bulb/leaf turnips, forage rape), herbs (plantain and chicory), legumes, red clover, lucerne: for which season?

A

summer

62
Q

alternate forages - brassicas (sweedes, forage kale), fodder beet, green oats: for which season?

A

winter

63
Q

what are common supplement options?

A

conserved forage, pasture forage, maize silage, hay
other options include pelleted feeds, PKE, and by-products

64
Q

the potential feeding value (FV) of a diet is a function of intake and nutritive value (NV) - what is the formula for feeding value?

A

FV = intake x NV

65
Q

formula for animal production (milk yield or live weight gain)?

A

animal production = voluntary feed intake (nutritional factors and non nutritional factors) x digestive process (site of digestion) x efficiency of utilisation of digested nutrients (growth or lactation, maintenance)

66
Q

true or false - can pasture based livestock systems be intensive or extensive?

A

true

67
Q

what are the two constraints to our pasture?

A

the quality and the quantity of the grass

68
Q

what is impacted when the grass gets older and accumulates fibre?

A

it negatively impacts digestibility

69
Q

what influences pasture/animal demand?

A
  • nutrient (energy) requirements
    animal activity/production (physiological state)
70
Q

define maintenance?

A

running everything in your body and staying the way you are (adults)

71
Q

define growth

A

younger animals, maintenance levels plus enough to support growth (or older animals you are trying to put condition on)

72
Q

what is the largest toll on energy?

A

lactation

73
Q

true or false - does lactation for a dairy cow take a larger energy toll than maintenance?

A

true

74
Q

what factor requires minimum energy to maintain?

A

temperature

75
Q

the list of animal energy requirements from highest to lowest priority?

A
  • maintenance
  • growth
  • lactation
  • fetal growth
  • breeding
  • body reserve
76
Q

what are the types of breeders coming out of summer, going into winter?

A

short day breeders

77
Q

what type of breeder is a sheep?

A

short day

78
Q

what type of breeders are horses?

A

long day breeders

79
Q

what types of breeders are cattle, pigs and poultry?

A

non seasonal

80
Q

why do pigs sometimes have stages of infertility in hot climates?

A

because breeding isn’t a priority when you’re too busy trying not to die from heat stroke

81
Q

true or false - are dairy cows mated while still lactating?

A

true (rip)

82
Q

what happens in winter in the dairy industry?

A

dry cows off in preparation for calving

83
Q
  • animal nutrient demands
  • how much pasture you have
  • how much will likely grow
  • how much they need going forwards
  • how much supplementary feed you need
    what do you need to know all of this for?
A

pasture based production

84
Q

what can you calculate with pasture mass?

A

potential intakes, grazing days, appropriate stocking rates

85
Q

units for pasture mass?

A

kg DM/ha

86
Q

formula for intake?

A

intake = pre grazing cover - post grazing cover

87
Q

what is the definition of pasture utilisation?

A

the amount of pasture eaten relative to the amount of pasture grown

88
Q

pre grazing targets for sheep?

A

pregrazing pasture covers 1100 to 1500 kg DM / ha

89
Q

post grazing targets for sheep?

A

post grazing pasture covers 800-1000 kg kg DM / ha

90
Q

pre grazing targets for dairy cows?

A

1900 - 1200 kg DM / ha

91
Q

post grazing targets for dairy cows?

A

1500 - 1600 kg DM / ha

92
Q

why are targets for grazing important?

A

to optimise intake, or avoid restriction or excess

93
Q

what does the united nations refer to as the nexus of sustainable development?

A

food, energy and water

94
Q

goal for agriculture moving forward?

A

getting more product out of the same amount of animals, using the same amount of land or even less - leveraging advances in technology to drive better productivity (not making farming intensive, not using more land)

95
Q

how many animals are slaughtered each year for meat?

A

80 billion

96
Q

what percentage of habitable land is taken up by agriculture?

A

50%

97
Q

of the 50% of habitable land that’s taken up by agriculture, what percentage is livestock: meat and dairy?

A

77%

98
Q

and what percentage of the global protein supply comes from livestock?

A

37%

99
Q

areas of improvement in agriculture?

A
  • systems, management and technologies
  • genetics and breeding (improved genetics, reproductive efficiency, (sheep twinning rates), biotechnology
  • nutrition and growth (diet formulation, FCE/nutrient utilisation, metabolism
  • animal welfare (intensive farming, is it iffy? housing, painful proceedures, surplus offspring)
100
Q

what are the types of surplus offspring?

A

bobby calves, male offspring from sheep/goat diaries, male layer chicks

101
Q

how old is a calf to be considered rose/veal?

A

30 weeks old

102
Q

how old does the calf need to be before being transported off farm?

A

4 days old, minimum

103
Q

what happens to male offspring in sheep and goat dairies?

A

currently slaughtered at a young age for pet food or rendering

104
Q

how many male layer chicks are disposed of annually, and at what age?

A

3 million, at one day old

105
Q

what two methods are used to kill day old chicks, and which is more common?

A

maceration/instant fragmentation - more common
CO2 gassing - slower

106
Q

what percentage of global and freshwater eutrophication (alge/seaweedy growth thing) is from agriculture?

A

78%

107
Q

tech that can be used to improve stuff?

A

robots, temp and moisture sensors, aerial images, gps

108
Q

agriculture currently has a focus on sustainable and regenerative farming, what does that entail?

A

how we produce what we need, but with less impact on the environment

109
Q

what are greenhouse gas emissions made up of?

A

mainly carbon dioxide, but also methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour, and fluorinated gases

Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions