Lecture Flashcards
what is the primary component of bone mineral?
hydroxyapatite
What is bone tissue composed of?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
How do we get osteocytes?
osteoblasts get trapped in their own secretions
what are lamellae?
lamellae are layers formed by osteoclasts and their extracelluar components.
name three functions of bones?
metabolic functions : hemopoesis, fat depository, calcium, phosphorous storage.
What is included in the appendicular skeleton?
bones asociated with the limbs.
what is included in the axial skeleton?
head bones, ribs, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
What is the outer surface of a bone called?
periosteum. its connective tissue proper. It doesn’t occur where there are attatchent sites for tendons, muscles or other stuff
what is compact bone?
it is solid bone that makes up most of a bones structure
how do nerves and vessels enter and penetrate bones?
nutrient foramina/nutrient canals
what are ends of long bones called?
epiphyses
what is the shaft of a long bone called?
diaphysis
How many bones are in the superior limb?
- 22 long, 8 short, 2 sesamoid
how many bones are in the inferior limb? plus details
33 bones in the inferior limb. There are seven short, 22 long, and three sesamoid.
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that covers load bearing surfaces of bones in synovial joints.
What is costal cartilage made of?
hyaline cartiage that is not part of synovial joints
what is epiphyseal cartilage?
hyaline cartilage that is not involved in synovial joints.
what shapes of bones form the axial skeleton?
flat and irregular bones
What is the principle INORGANIC compound in bones?
Hydroxyapatite. Also has roles in enamel, cementum and dentin of teeth.
Medullary cavity
space within a bone that contains bone marrow tissue, adipose tissue and blood. CT proper that lines this cavity is called endosteum.
Osseous Lacunae
small spaces inside of bones that conatin oseocytes. Osteoctyes in neighboring areas communicate through tiny cytoplasmic passageways called osseous canaliculi.
what is osseous canaliculi?
tiny passages that allow osteocytes in different lacunae to communicate physically and metabolically.
Osseou Lamella
a layer of mineralized osteoid. Those parallel and adjacent of the periosteum and endosteum are called exteral and internal circumferential lamellae. Those in the intervening compact bone are called concentric (osteonal) and interstitial lamellae.
what do osteoblasts do
secrete organic part of the ec matrix of bone tissue and then later they become osteocytes when they get trapped in there.
Osteoid
non cellular organic portion of bone tissuemade by osteoblasts . made of connective fibers embedded in a protein/polysaccharide ground substance. basically its fibers plus ground substance makes an osteoid. Its a word that means the two things put together…
what is periosteum?
ct proper (dense irregular) outer encasesment of bones. covers everything except attatchement sites. including ports of entry for nerve or blood supply.
sesamoid bones
see like bones that embedded in a few tendons. patellae, two smaller ones are found at base of each thumb and big toe.
how many short bones are there?
30
trabecular bone tissue?
spongy. also called cancellous bone tissue. bone tissue formed of small spicules between intervening regions of bone marrow tissue. often found in the ends of long bones.
acetabulum
a cup
calcaneum
the heel
clavis
a key or lock
cortex
bark of a tree
diaphysis
a growing through
glene
a socket
hamulus
a hook
hamatus
furnished with a hook
hem
blood
humerus
upper part of the arm
ischion
hip
korone
a crow
lacuna
lake, cavity
lamella
a thin plate
luna
moon
malleolus
small hammer
navis
a ship
obturare
to stop up
olene
elbow
osteon
a bone
phalanx
line of battle
physis
nature
pisium
pea
poiesis
a making
popliteus
hap
pub
of the groin
ramus
branch of a tree
scaph
light boat, skiff
scapula,
shoulder blade
sasame
sasame seed like
skeleton
mummy or dried body
trabs
a beam
triquetra
three cornered
troch
pulleys
ulna
elbow
what makes up 1/3 of bone weight?
cells, fibers and ground substance
Which cells are multinucleated?
osteoclasts
what is trabecular bone?
spongy
where is cancellous bone found?
cancellous bone is also known as spongy or trabecular bone. It is found between the inner and outer layers of compact bone of the braincase, and within the ends of long bones to provide reinforcememnt for overlying articular surfaces.
name some tissues found in bones?
connective tissue proper, lymphatic, adipose, bone marrow tissue, nervous, simiple squamous epithelium.
condyle
rounded articular surface. (articulating surface)
head of articulating surface
a rounded articular surface that has no real definitional distinction from a condyle
trochlea of articulating surfacce
a smooth pulley like surface where another bone glides.
Border (non articulating surface)
edge of a bone
face, surface of bone
non articulating, general term used to designate a specific surface of a bone or other organ
fossa
non articulating, a shallow depressed area
epicondyle
non articulating surface adjacent to a condyle
names of non articular projections where muscles can attatch
tubercle, tuberosity, tuber, trochanter, (roughened process serving as a site of muscular attatchement
process
a pointed projection where muscles can attatch
crest
a ridge like projection like a process but much longer
spine
name given to some ridges and projections
branch
branch like projection from a bone.
foramen
rounded opening
meatus, canal
a tubular channel through a bone
fissure
a narrow crack like opening
sinus
an empty air filled space within a bone
groove
elongated depression
notch
indentation in a bone
fovea
small pit or depression
base
name designating the proximal epiphysis of a metacarpal bone, metatarsal bone, or phalanx.
scapula
a flat bone with two major surfaces , three borders, three angles.
Objective: differentiate bone tissue from named bones by listing tissues found in any named bone in addition to bone tissue:
bone tissue, connective tissue proper, cartilage, adipose tissue, bone marrow tissue, smooth muscle tissue, simple squaous epithelium, nervous tissue, blood.
what kinds of bones are there?
long short flat irregular and sesamoid bones
which kind of bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
long, short flat and sesamoid bones
which kinds of bones are in the axial skeleton?
flat and irregular bones only
how many bones are in the superior limb?
34 bones, two flat, 22 long, 8 short and 2 sesamoid bones
what makes up the pectoral girdle?
bony support for the free parts of the superior limb made of four appendicuar bones: scapulae and clivicles and one axial bone (sternum)
what makes up the axial skeleton?
bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
what makes up 2/3 dry weight of bones?
hydroxyapatite, minerals
where do nerves and vessels enter and penetrate bones?
through nutrient foramina/canals
how many bones in the inferior limb?
33 in each. one flat bone, 22 long bones, seven short bones, three sesamoid bones
os coxae is formed by fusion of what?
ilium, ischium and pubis
what composes the pelvic girdle
two os coxae, and bony sacrum
what exactly is osteology?
the study of bone tissue as wel as individula bones
why are new osteons formed by the osteoclasts?
to maintain proper blood calcium levels. New osteons are formed after osteoclasts cut channels through bone.
what is compact bone also known as?
cortical bone
what is spongy bone also known as?
trabecular bone
objective: discuss bone tissue. What are its organic and inorganic components? its three kinds of cells, four kinds of lamellae and histological architecture.
Organic compounds: produced by the osteoblasts, is the ground substance made of protein/polysaccharides. The collagenous fibers are there also.
Inorganic components: are the minerals that come from elsewhere. The main mineral is hydroxyapatite.
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
objective: explain why interstitial lamellae are always older than adjacent concentric lamellae?
because they used to be an osteon, but they were cut by osteoclasts to maintain blood calcium levels. IN the osteons wake there are osteoblasts waking up and making more osteons. circle of life
say three physical fn of bones
body shape, protection, joints provide movement
say three metabolic fn of bones
hemopoiesis, fat storage, Ca/P storage in Hydroxyapatite.
what makes up the axial skeleton
8 head, 14 face, 3 auditory ssicles, hyod bone, 26 vertebrae
what makes up the appendicular skeleton
clavicle, scapula,radius, ulna, humerus, 8 carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 phalanges, os coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges, 2 sesamoid on superior and inferior limibs.
pectoral girdle has what?
clavicle, sternum, scapula
pelvic girdle has what?
os coxae, bony sacrum
characterization nof long bones
long in one demension found where they make a joint. there are 88, 56 are phalanges
short bones charaters:
there are thirty.
flat bones
reduced in one demension. includes the clavicles, scapulae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, lots of head bones.
irregular bones
characterized by jutting processes. vertebrae and bones of head
sesamoid bones
small bones embdded in some tendons, protect tendons from frictional deterioration.
tell me which bone shape types are found in the appendicular vs axial sekelton
irregular and flat is axial
entry point for nerves and vessels is called what? tell me the plural version and the singular version
nutrient foramina- plural.
foramen is singular
explain the bony pelvis
left and right ossa coxae joined anteriorly at pubic symphysis. articulate with axial skelton at sacroiliac joints.
what makes up the pelvic girdle?
two ossa coxae and bony sacrum
explain the “DAMN IT” to categorize cause of disease
degenerative, anamalous, metabolic, neoplastic, infectious, traumatic.
define osteomalacia
a vitamin D deficiency which causes demineralization in adults. usually women with many children on poor diets.
osteoporosis
excessive mineral demineralization causes bones to weaken.
