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Appendicular Osteology > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

0
Q

what is the primary component of bone mineral?

A

hydroxyapatite

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1
Q

What is bone tissue composed of?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

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2
Q

How do we get osteocytes?

A

osteoblasts get trapped in their own secretions

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3
Q

what are lamellae?

A

lamellae are layers formed by osteoclasts and their extracelluar components.

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4
Q

name three functions of bones?

A

metabolic functions : hemopoesis, fat depository, calcium, phosphorous storage.

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5
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones asociated with the limbs.

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6
Q

what is included in the axial skeleton?

A

head bones, ribs, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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7
Q

What is the outer surface of a bone called?

A

periosteum. its connective tissue proper. It doesn’t occur where there are attatchent sites for tendons, muscles or other stuff

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8
Q

what is compact bone?

A

it is solid bone that makes up most of a bones structure

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9
Q

how do nerves and vessels enter and penetrate bones?

A

nutrient foramina/nutrient canals

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10
Q

what are ends of long bones called?

A

epiphyses

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11
Q

what is the shaft of a long bone called?

A

diaphysis

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12
Q

How many bones are in the superior limb?

A
  1. 22 long, 8 short, 2 sesamoid
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13
Q

how many bones are in the inferior limb? plus details

A

33 bones in the inferior limb. There are seven short, 22 long, and three sesamoid.

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14
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that covers load bearing surfaces of bones in synovial joints.

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15
Q

What is costal cartilage made of?

A

hyaline cartiage that is not part of synovial joints

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16
Q

what is epiphyseal cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage that is not involved in synovial joints.

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17
Q

what shapes of bones form the axial skeleton?

A

flat and irregular bones

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18
Q

What is the principle INORGANIC compound in bones?

A

Hydroxyapatite. Also has roles in enamel, cementum and dentin of teeth.

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19
Q

Medullary cavity

A

space within a bone that contains bone marrow tissue, adipose tissue and blood. CT proper that lines this cavity is called endosteum.

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20
Q

Osseous Lacunae

A

small spaces inside of bones that conatin oseocytes. Osteoctyes in neighboring areas communicate through tiny cytoplasmic passageways called osseous canaliculi.

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21
Q

what is osseous canaliculi?

A

tiny passages that allow osteocytes in different lacunae to communicate physically and metabolically.

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22
Q

Osseou Lamella

A

a layer of mineralized osteoid. Those parallel and adjacent of the periosteum and endosteum are called exteral and internal circumferential lamellae. Those in the intervening compact bone are called concentric (osteonal) and interstitial lamellae.

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23
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

secrete organic part of the ec matrix of bone tissue and then later they become osteocytes when they get trapped in there.

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24
Q

Osteoid

A

non cellular organic portion of bone tissuemade by osteoblasts . made of connective fibers embedded in a protein/polysaccharide ground substance. basically its fibers plus ground substance makes an osteoid. Its a word that means the two things put together…

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25
Q

what is periosteum?

A

ct proper (dense irregular) outer encasesment of bones. covers everything except attatchement sites. including ports of entry for nerve or blood supply.

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26
Q

sesamoid bones

A

see like bones that embedded in a few tendons. patellae, two smaller ones are found at base of each thumb and big toe.

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27
Q

how many short bones are there?

A

30

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28
Q

trabecular bone tissue?

A

spongy. also called cancellous bone tissue. bone tissue formed of small spicules between intervening regions of bone marrow tissue. often found in the ends of long bones.

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29
Q

acetabulum

A

a cup

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30
Q

calcaneum

A

the heel

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31
Q

clavis

A

a key or lock

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32
Q

cortex

A

bark of a tree

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33
Q

diaphysis

A

a growing through

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34
Q

glene

A

a socket

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35
Q

hamulus

A

a hook

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36
Q

hamatus

A

furnished with a hook

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37
Q

hem

A

blood

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38
Q

humerus

A

upper part of the arm

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39
Q

ischion

A

hip

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40
Q

korone

A

a crow

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41
Q

lacuna

A

lake, cavity

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42
Q

lamella

A

a thin plate

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43
Q

luna

A

moon

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44
Q

malleolus

A

small hammer

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45
Q

navis

A

a ship

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46
Q

obturare

A

to stop up

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47
Q

olene

A

elbow

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48
Q

osteon

A

a bone

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49
Q

phalanx

A

line of battle

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50
Q

physis

A

nature

51
Q

pisium

A

pea

52
Q

poiesis

A

a making

53
Q

popliteus

A

hap

54
Q

pub

A

of the groin

55
Q

ramus

A

branch of a tree

56
Q

scaph

A

light boat, skiff

57
Q

scapula,

A

shoulder blade

58
Q

sasame

A

sasame seed like

59
Q

skeleton

A

mummy or dried body

60
Q

trabs

A

a beam

61
Q

triquetra

A

three cornered

62
Q

troch

A

pulleys

63
Q

ulna

A

elbow

64
Q

what makes up 1/3 of bone weight?

A

cells, fibers and ground substance

65
Q

Which cells are multinucleated?

A

osteoclasts

66
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

spongy

67
Q

where is cancellous bone found?

A

cancellous bone is also known as spongy or trabecular bone. It is found between the inner and outer layers of compact bone of the braincase, and within the ends of long bones to provide reinforcememnt for overlying articular surfaces.

68
Q

name some tissues found in bones?

A

connective tissue proper, lymphatic, adipose, bone marrow tissue, nervous, simiple squamous epithelium.

69
Q

condyle

A

rounded articular surface. (articulating surface)

70
Q

head of articulating surface

A

a rounded articular surface that has no real definitional distinction from a condyle

71
Q

trochlea of articulating surfacce

A

a smooth pulley like surface where another bone glides.

72
Q

Border (non articulating surface)

A

edge of a bone

73
Q

face, surface of bone

A

non articulating, general term used to designate a specific surface of a bone or other organ

74
Q

fossa

A

non articulating, a shallow depressed area

75
Q

epicondyle

A

non articulating surface adjacent to a condyle

76
Q

names of non articular projections where muscles can attatch

A

tubercle, tuberosity, tuber, trochanter, (roughened process serving as a site of muscular attatchement

77
Q

process

A

a pointed projection where muscles can attatch

78
Q

crest

A

a ridge like projection like a process but much longer

79
Q

spine

A

name given to some ridges and projections

80
Q

branch

A

branch like projection from a bone.

81
Q

foramen

A

rounded opening

82
Q

meatus, canal

A

a tubular channel through a bone

83
Q

fissure

A

a narrow crack like opening

84
Q

sinus

A

an empty air filled space within a bone

85
Q

groove

A

elongated depression

86
Q

notch

A

indentation in a bone

87
Q

fovea

A

small pit or depression

88
Q

base

A

name designating the proximal epiphysis of a metacarpal bone, metatarsal bone, or phalanx.

89
Q

scapula

A

a flat bone with two major surfaces , three borders, three angles.

90
Q

Objective: differentiate bone tissue from named bones by listing tissues found in any named bone in addition to bone tissue:

A

bone tissue, connective tissue proper, cartilage, adipose tissue, bone marrow tissue, smooth muscle tissue, simple squaous epithelium, nervous tissue, blood.

91
Q

what kinds of bones are there?

A

long short flat irregular and sesamoid bones

92
Q

which kind of bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

long, short flat and sesamoid bones

93
Q

which kinds of bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

flat and irregular bones only

94
Q

how many bones are in the superior limb?

A

34 bones, two flat, 22 long, 8 short and 2 sesamoid bones

95
Q

what makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

bony support for the free parts of the superior limb made of four appendicuar bones: scapulae and clivicles and one axial bone (sternum)

96
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton?

A

bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

97
Q

what makes up 2/3 dry weight of bones?

A

hydroxyapatite, minerals

98
Q

where do nerves and vessels enter and penetrate bones?

A

through nutrient foramina/canals

99
Q

how many bones in the inferior limb?

A

33 in each. one flat bone, 22 long bones, seven short bones, three sesamoid bones

100
Q

os coxae is formed by fusion of what?

A

ilium, ischium and pubis

101
Q

what composes the pelvic girdle

A

two os coxae, and bony sacrum

102
Q

what exactly is osteology?

A

the study of bone tissue as wel as individula bones

103
Q

why are new osteons formed by the osteoclasts?

A

to maintain proper blood calcium levels. New osteons are formed after osteoclasts cut channels through bone.

104
Q

what is compact bone also known as?

A

cortical bone

105
Q

what is spongy bone also known as?

A

trabecular bone

106
Q

objective: discuss bone tissue. What are its organic and inorganic components? its three kinds of cells, four kinds of lamellae and histological architecture.

A

Organic compounds: produced by the osteoblasts, is the ground substance made of protein/polysaccharides. The collagenous fibers are there also.
Inorganic components: are the minerals that come from elsewhere. The main mineral is hydroxyapatite.
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes

107
Q

objective: explain why interstitial lamellae are always older than adjacent concentric lamellae?

A

because they used to be an osteon, but they were cut by osteoclasts to maintain blood calcium levels. IN the osteons wake there are osteoblasts waking up and making more osteons. circle of life

108
Q

say three physical fn of bones

A

body shape, protection, joints provide movement

109
Q

say three metabolic fn of bones

A

hemopoiesis, fat storage, Ca/P storage in Hydroxyapatite.

110
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton

A

8 head, 14 face, 3 auditory ssicles, hyod bone, 26 vertebrae

111
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

clavicle, scapula,radius, ulna, humerus, 8 carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 phalanges, os coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges, 2 sesamoid on superior and inferior limibs.

112
Q

pectoral girdle has what?

A

clavicle, sternum, scapula

113
Q

pelvic girdle has what?

A

os coxae, bony sacrum

114
Q

characterization nof long bones

A

long in one demension found where they make a joint. there are 88, 56 are phalanges

115
Q

short bones charaters:

A

there are thirty.

116
Q

flat bones

A

reduced in one demension. includes the clavicles, scapulae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, lots of head bones.

117
Q

irregular bones

A

characterized by jutting processes. vertebrae and bones of head

118
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small bones embdded in some tendons, protect tendons from frictional deterioration.

119
Q

tell me which bone shape types are found in the appendicular vs axial sekelton

A

irregular and flat is axial

120
Q

entry point for nerves and vessels is called what? tell me the plural version and the singular version

A

nutrient foramina- plural.

foramen is singular

121
Q

explain the bony pelvis

A

left and right ossa coxae joined anteriorly at pubic symphysis. articulate with axial skelton at sacroiliac joints.

122
Q

what makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

two ossa coxae and bony sacrum

123
Q

explain the “DAMN IT” to categorize cause of disease

A

degenerative, anamalous, metabolic, neoplastic, infectious, traumatic.

124
Q

define osteomalacia

A

a vitamin D deficiency which causes demineralization in adults. usually women with many children on poor diets.

125
Q

osteoporosis

A

excessive mineral demineralization causes bones to weaken.

Appendicular Osteology (1 decks)

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