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Surgery 1 (SAB) > Lecture 25: Principles of Orthopedic Surgery (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Principles of Orthopedic Surgery (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Deine allograft

A

bone transplanted from one animal to another

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2
Q

Define apophyseal osteotomies

A

Procedures to enhance surgical exposure of a joint

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3
Q

Define Autograft

A

Bone transplanted from one site to another in the same animal

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4
Q

Define avulsion fracture

A

Insertion point of a tendon or ligament is fractured & distracted from the rest of the bone

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5
Q

Define bridging plates

A

Span comminuted fracture

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6
Q

Define Cerclage wire

A

Orthopedic wire placed around circumference of bone to compress an oblique fracture

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7
Q

Define closed reduction

A

Fractured bone alignment performed w/out surgical exposure

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8
Q

Define compression plates

A

Plates that act to compress the fracture

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9
Q

Define corrective osteotomies

A

Diaphysis or metaphysis of of a bone is cut realigned & stabilized until union occurs (elective proceduresO

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10
Q

Define cranial drawer

A

Abnorm movement of stifle joint elicited during PE caused by tibia sliding cranially in relationship to femur (cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle)

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11
Q

Define crepitation

A

“grating feel” or sound w/ manipulating a fractured bone or arthritic joint

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12
Q

Define Delay unions

A

Fractures that heal more slowly than anticipated

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13
Q

Define direct bone union

A

Bone formed w/o evidence of callus

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14
Q

Define endochondral bone formation

A

Bone formed on cartilaginous precursor

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15
Q

Define external coaptation

A

Fracture fixation w/ casts or splints

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16
Q

Define external fixation

A

Fracture fixation in which pins penetrate bone & skin & connected externally

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17
Q

Define greenstick fracture

A

Incomplete fracture where portion of the cortex is intact

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18
Q

Define hemicerclage wire or interfragmentary wire

A

Wire placed through predrilled holes in bone

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19
Q

Define indirect reduction

A

Process of restoring fragment & limb alignment by distracting major bone segments (using animal’s weight)

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20
Q

Define internal fixation

A

Fracture fixation using internal implants to secure bone

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21
Q

Define intramedullary pins

A

Implants positioned in the medullary canal of long bones

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22
Q

Define intramembranous bone formation

A

Direct differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts (bone forms w/out a cartilaginous precursor)

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23
Q

Define luxation

A

Complete dislocation of a joint

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24
Q

Define malunions

A

Healed fractures where anatomic bone alignment not achieved or maintained during healing

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25
Define neutralization plates
Support a reconstructed fracture
26
Define nonunion
Fracture w/ an arrested repair process (requires surgical intervention to create environment conducive to bone healing)
27
Define normograde placement
Pin started @ on end of bone, driven to fracture area, then seated @ other end of bone
28
Define open fracture
Fracture is exposed to external atmosphere
29
define open (direct) reduction
Fracture repair performed after surgical approach to bone
30
Define ortolani maneuver
Manipulation used to subluxate a dysplatic hip
31
Define ostectomies
Removal of a segment of bone
32
Define osteomyelitis
Inflammatory condition of bone & medullary canal
33
Define osteotomies
Procedures where bone is cut into two segments
34
Define Procurvatum
Cranial bowing of a bone
35
Define subluxation
Partial dislocation of a joint
36
Define valgus deformity
Angulation of distal portion of limb laterally
37
Define varus deformity
Angulation of distal portion of limb medially
38
What is the goal of treating fracture, nonounions, or bone deformities
* Bone union * Px return to normal fxn
39
What should be considered when planning a orthopedic surgical operation
* Method of fracture reduction * Sequence of implant application * Possibilities for bone grafting
40
What could happen if the is failure to plan the procedure
* Prolonged operating times * Excessive soft tissue trauma * Technical errors
41
What are the ultimate outcomes of improper planning
* Implant failure * Delayed healing * Infection * Nonunion
42
What does fracture classification allow for
Accurate communication w/ owners & colleagues to aid appropriate treatment planning
43
What is evaluated to accurately classify fracture
* Limb * Radiographs
44
What is the basis of fracture classification
1. Is fractures closed or open to external environment 2. Degree of damage & displacement of fragment 3. Type of fracture 4. If fracture fragments can be reconstructed to provide load bearing (reducible or nonreducible) 5. Loacation
45
Describe a greenstick fracture
* Occurs in immature animals * Incomplete fracture where portion of cortex is intact * Partially stabilizes bone
46
Describe avulsion fractures
* Occur when insertion point of tendon or ligament is fractured & distracted (pulled away) from the rest of the bone * May be nondisplaced or displaced
47
Define a transverse fracture
Fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
48
Define a transverse fracture
Fracture line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
49
Define an oblique fracture
Lines run @ an angle to the line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
50
What is the difference btw/ a short & long oblique fracture
* Short - fractures 45 degrees or less * Long - Fractures > 45 degrees to perpendicular to long axis of the bone
51
Define a spiral fracture
Similar to long oblique fractures but wrap around long axis of the bone
52
How many fracture lines are found in an single fracture
One
53
Define a comminuted fractures
* Have multiple fracture lines * Can range from 3-piece fractures w/ butterfly fragment to highly comminuted fractures w/ 5 or more pieces
54
What is a butterfly fragment
Fragment w/ 2 oblique fracture lines resembling butterfly's silhouette
55
Label the following:
56
Define a reducible fracture
Single fracture line or fractures w/ no more than 2 large fragment
57
Define a nonreducible fracture
Fractures w/ multi small fragments
58
What are the classifications of bone by location
* Diaphyseal * Metaphyseal * Physeal * Articular
59
What does velocity of forces dictate
* # of fragments * Damage to surround soft tissues
60
What happens if low-velocity forces create a fracture
Creates single fractures w/ little energy dissipated into soft tissue
61
What happens if high-velocity forces create a fracture
Creates comminuted fractures w/ high energy dissipated through fracture propagation & surrounding soft tissue injury
62
How are open fractures classified
1. Mechanism of puncture 2. Severity of soft tissue injury * Grade 1, 2, & 3
63
Describe a Grade 1 open fracture
* Small puncture hole located in the skin in proximity of fracture caused by bone penetrating to outside * Typically ~1cm in diameter * Bone may or may not be visible in wound
64
Describe a grade II open fracture
* Variably sized skin wound associated w/ fracture that resulted from external trauma * More damage to soft tissue w/ grade 2 thank w/ grade 1 * Fracture is minimally or not comminuted
65
Describe a grade III open fracture
* Severe bone fragmentation w/ extensive soft tissue injury (w/ or w/o skin loss) * Usually high-velocity comminuted fractures like gunshot injuries or shearing type of injuries to the distal extremities
66
label the following using the salter-harris classification of physeal fractures
67
Describe a salter-harris type 1 fracture
Fracture runs through the physis
68
Describe a salter-harris type 2 fracture
Fractures run through physis & portion of metaphysis
69
Describe a salter-harris type 3 fracture
* Fractures run through physis & epiphysis * Generally articular
70
Describe a salter-harris type 4 fracture
Fractures are also articular running through the epiphysis, across the physis, & through metaphysis
71
Describe a salter-harris type 5 fracture
* Fractures are crushing injuries of physis * Not visible radiographically but become evident several weeks later when physeal function ceases
72
Describe a salter-harris type 6 fracture
* Classification used to describe partial physeal closures from damage to a portion of physis * Causes asymeetric physeal closure
73
Label the following forces acting on fractured bones:
74
What patient info should be collected for a fracture assessment score
* Age * Weight * General health * Activity level * Presence of other ortho pathology
75
What data should be gathered for a fracture assessment score
* Px info * Radiographs of fractured & corresponding contralateral intact bones (including proximal & distal joints) * Client info (expectations & ability to perform postop care)
76
What factors does the data fracture-assessment score reflect
* Mechanical factors * Biologic factors * Clinical factors (clinical envi where implants must fxn)
77
Why is a fracture assessment score important
Guides the types of implants chosen
78
Describe conditions found on the left of the FAS scale (mechanical factors)
* Nonreducible * Multi limb injury * Max stress on the implant * Req careful implant choice & application
79
Describe conditions found on the right of the FAS scale (mechanical factors)
* Less stress to implant * Reduced risk of complications
80
Describe conditions found on the left of the FAS scale (biologic factors)
* Do not favor rapid healing * Implant system must function for prolonged periods
81
Describe conditions found on the right of the FAS scale (biologic factors)
* Favor rapid healing * Implant only needs to fxn for a short time
82
Describe conditions found on the left of the FAS scale (clinical factors factors)
* Req comfortable implant sys * Req little postop maintenance
83
Describe conditions found on the right of the FAS scale (clinical factors factors)
* Can use any implant system * Regardless of postop maintenance
84
How if the FAS interpreted
* 1 to 10 scal * High (8-10) * Moderate (4 - 7) * Low (1-3)
85
What does it mean when fractures have high FAS scores
* Generally heal successfully w/ few complications
86
What does it mean when fractures have low FAS scores
Healing is potentially less successful w/ more complications

Surgery 1 (SAB) (25 decks)

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