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Human Physiology 2 - Unit 3 - Zach H. > Lecture 25: Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

A meiotic process that culminates in the formation of haploid spermatids.

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2
Q

What do primordial germ cells migrate into future testes and become?

A

spermatogonia

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3
Q

What do spermatogonia become after mitotic division at puberty?

A

primary spermatocytes

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4
Q

What do primary spermatocytes become after the completion of the first half of meiosis?

A

secondary spermatocytes

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5
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes become after completion of the second half of meiosis?

A

spermatids

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6
Q

What do spermatids become after they undergo differentiation?

A

mature sperm

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7
Q

Where are sertoli cells located?

A

Within the seminiferous tubules.

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8
Q

What do sertoli cells act as?

A

Nurse Cells (sustentacular cells) that surround primary spermatocytes and “nurse” them through the process of spermatoenesis and spermiogenesis.

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9
Q

What do sertoli cells nurse primary spermatocytes through?

A

Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis

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10
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm.

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11
Q

What do sertoli cells form estrogen from?

A

Testosterone (thought to be important for spermiogenesis).

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12
Q

Talk through spermiogenesis.

A

> Proacrosomal vesicles coalesce to form acrosome: contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes.

> Nucleus becomes highly condensed.

> Acrosome caps nucleus.

> Centrioles migrate to side of nucleus opposite acrosome.

> Distal centriole begins to organize flagellum.

> Mitochondria move to base of forming flagellum and wrap around it.

> Excess cytoplasm is sloughed off: residual body.

> Sperm cells are stored in epididymis until ejaculated.

> Sperm cells must remain in epididymis for a minimum of 18 to 24 hours in order to gain motility.

> Passage through the epididymis requires several days.

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13
Q

Where are cells of Leydig found?

A

Interstitial spaces in testes.

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14
Q

What do cells of Leydig secrete?

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

What cells in the male reproductive tract secrete testosterone?

A

Cells of Leydig

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16
Q

What stimulates cells of Leydig to secrete testosterone?

A

Stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by anterior pituitary.

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17
Q

What hormone, besides LH, is also necessary for spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

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18
Q

What are the two accessory glands in the male reproductive system?

A
  • seminal vesicles

- prostate gland

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19
Q

What is each vesicle of the seminal vesicles lined with?

A

Each vesicle is a loculated tube lined with secretory epithelium.

20
Q

What is secreted by seminal vesicles?

A

Secretes a mucoid material.

21
Q

What does the mucoid material that is secreted by seminal vesicles contain?

A
  • fructose
  • citric acid
  • additional nutrients
  • prostaglandins
  • fibrinogen
22
Q

What percentage of the total volume of semen does the mucoid material secreted by seminal vesicles make up?

A

60%

23
Q

What does the fructose that is contained in the mucoid material that is secreted by seminal vesicles provide energy for?

A

Energy for Sperm

24
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins found in the mucoid material that is secreted by seminal vesicles?

A

Make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes.

25
Q

What molecule found in the mucoid secretions of seminal vesicles makes the cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of the uterus and fallopian tubes?

A

prostaglandins

26
Q

What percentage of the total volume of semen does the milky fluid secreted by the prostate gland make up?

A

30%

27
Q

What does the milky fluid secreted by the prostate gland contain?

A
  • calcium
  • citrate ions
  • phosphate ions
  • clotting enzyme
  • profibrinolysin
28
Q

Is the milky fluid secreted by the prostate gland slightly alkaline or acidic?

A

Slightly Alkaline

29
Q

Why is it important that the milky fluid secreted by the prostate gland is slightly alkaline?

A

Helps to neutralize acidity of other seminal fluids and vaginal secretions of the female.

30
Q

What is the definition of androgens?

A

Any steroid hormone that has masculinizing effects.

31
Q

What are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione?

A

androgens

32
Q

What are androgens synthesized from in the testes and adrenal gland?

A

cholesterol + acetyl-CoA

33
Q

What is 97% of testosterone bound to in the blood?

A
  • loosely bound with albumin

- tightly bound with beta globulin

34
Q

Testosterone

A

> Formed by interstitial cells of Leydig:

  • Cells are numerous in newborn males and adult male after puberty.
  • Almost nonexistent in testes during childhood.
35
Q

What is testosterone converted into after it enters tissues?

A

Mostly converted to dihydrotestosterone, especially in prostate and in fetal external genitalia.

36
Q

What is testosterone that is not fixed in tissues converted to in the liver?

A
  • androsterone

- dehydroepiandrosterone

37
Q

Testosterone that is not fixed in tissues?

A
  • Conjugated as either glucuronides or sulfates.
  • Excreted into gut via bile or urine via kidneys.
  • Converted in liver to:
    > androsterone
    > dehydroepiandrosterone
38
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A
  • Responsible for distinguishing characteristics of masculine body.
  • Stimulates descent of testes.
  • Responsible for enlargement of external genitalia and formation of secondary male sexual characteristics.
  • Responsible for male hair pattern growth.
  • Associated with baldness.
  • Responsible for hypertrophy of larynx.
  • Increased skin thickness and secretion rate of sebaceous glands.
  • Responsible for increase in protein formation and muscle formation.
  • Responsible for increase in bone matrix and calcium retention.
  • Responsible for increased BMR.
  • Responsible for increased hematocrit.
  • Increases reabsorption of sodium in distal kidney tubules.
39
Q

Where are the neurons located that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LH-releasing hormone)?

A

Produced by neurons located in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus.

40
Q

What does gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce?

A
  • LH (mostly)

- FSH (gonadotropic hormones)

41
Q

What second messenger system in target tissues are activated by luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

cAMP second messenger system in target tissues

42
Q

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) cause sertoli cells to secrete?

A

testosterone

testosterone has a negative feedback effect on hypothalamus

43
Q

What cell type secretes inhibin?

A

sertoli cells

44
Q

What is the function of inhibin, which is secreted by sertoli cells?

A

> Inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary.

> Also, inhibits secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent.

45
Q

Look over figure 81-10 (feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis).

A

Know this well for the exam.

Human Physiology 2 - Unit 3 - Zach H. (9 decks)

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