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SMP - MCP Exam 2 > Lecture 25: Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur during the first trimester? What is the product?

A

Yolk sac: primordial eryhtroblasts

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2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur during the second trimester? What is the product?

A

Liver, spleen, and thymus: precursor granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and definitive erythroblasts

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3
Q

What do we call hematopoiesis during the second trimester?

A

Hepato-spleno-thymic phase

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4
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur during the third trimester? What is the product?

A

Bone marrow of distal long bones and lymph nodes: all cell types

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5
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults? What is the product?

A

Axial skeleton > distal long bones: all cell types

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6
Q

What does “ontogeny follows philogeny” mean? When do we use this phrase? Explain in detail.

A

During fetal development: the developmental stages a fetus goes through illustrates the evolutionary stages of its ancestors

  • Primitive vertebrates: hematopoiesis in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) = non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue
  • Jawed vertebrates: hematopoiesis in thymus and spleen = encapsulated lymphoid tissue
  • Terrestrial vertebrates:hematopoiesis in bone marrow
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7
Q

What is GALT

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue: lymphoid tissue underneath the lining of the GI tract

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8
Q

From where do we do bone marrow biopsies in children? Why?

A

Tibial shaft because the tibia is the largest bone we can access

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9
Q

From where do we do bone marrow biopsies in adults? (PASS)

A

Axial bones:

  • Posterior superior iliac spine
  • Anterior superior iliac spine
  • Sternum
  • Spinous processes of vertebrae
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10
Q

What is the common precursor to all blood cell types? Is it pluripotent or totipotent?

A

Pluripotent hemocytoblast (stem cell)

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11
Q

What lineages does the hemocytoblast give rise to?

A
  1. Multipotential lymphoid stem cell lineage

2. Multipotential myeloid stem cell lineage

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12
Q

What cells does the multipotential lymphoid stem cell lineage give rise to?

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What cells does the multipotential myeloid stem cell lineage give rise to? 4 of them

A

RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes

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14
Q

What is the order in hematopoiesis?

A

Pluripotent stem cells –> multipotent stem cells –> progenitor cells –> precursor cells –> mature cells

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15
Q

Do we have a lot of pluripotent cells? Why or why not?

A

No because they either reproduce themselves or give rise to multipotent stem cells

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16
Q

Which cell lineage is highly mitotic in hematopoiesis?

A

Progenitor cells

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17
Q

Can you tell multipotent and progenitor cells apart in histology?

A

NOPE

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18
Q

Which cell lineages are most sensitive to growth factor in hematopoiesis?

A

Progenitor cells and precursor cells

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19
Q

Which cell lineage is capable of self-renewal in hematopoiesis?

A

Pluripotent and multipotential stem cells

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20
Q

What is another name for progenitor cells?

A

Blasts

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21
Q

Which cell lineage is morphologically distinct in hematopoiesis?

A

Progenitor cells

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22
Q

How does potentiality change throughout hematopoiesis? Why?

A

It decreases because cells become more differentiated

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23
Q

How does self-renewing ability change throughout hematopoiesis? Why?

A

It decreases because cells lose them stem cell character

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24
Q

How does mitotic activity change throughout hematopoiesis? Until when?

A

It increases until the end of the precursor stage and stops entirely before reaching the mature cell stage

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25
Q

When do typical morphological characteristics and differentiated functionality appear during hematopoiesis?

A

Mature cell stage

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26
Q

Which cell stages in hematopoiesis involve leukemias and lymphomas? Explain.

A

Progenitor and precursor cell stages leading to a deficit of functional product

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27
Q

What color is bone marrow in young people? Why? What is it called

A

Red because it’s very vascularized and hematopoietically active = hematogenous bone marrow

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28
Q

What color is bone marrow in old people? Why?

A

Yellow because it’s replaced with adipose tissue and is hematopoietically inactive

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29
Q

Why does immunological activity decrease with age?

A

Because the cellular components of immune organs are replaced with adipose tissue

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30
Q

Describe the structure of hematopoietically active bone marrow.

A

Encapsulated by bone with vasculature to allow entry of nutrients (through peiosteal capillaries) and exit of hematopoiesis products (through vena comitans)

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31
Q

Where are stromal cells located? What is their function? What do they create?

A

They line the sinusoidal cavities in red bone marrow and secrete growth factors for the sustenance and viability of the hematopoietic components = create hematopoietic inductive microenvironment

32
Q

How do we get rid of the hematopoietic components that have not formed properly?

A

Macrophages eat them up!

33
Q

What is bone marrow a crazy reservoir for? Why is this cool?

A

DNA

Can help understand how animals are related to each other and help in criminal cases

34
Q

How is erythropoiesis regulated?

A

More RBCs = more O2 in system = negative feedback on kidneys (on renal interstitial peritubular cells) to lower RBC production and stop preventing apoptosis

35
Q

Describe the 7 stages of erythropoiesis.

A
  1. Erythroblast
  2. Proerythroblast (EPO stimulated)
  3. Basophilic erythroblast: begins producing hemoglobin
  4. Polychromatophilic erythroblast: last mitotic stage
  5. Normoblast: nucleus condenses (very small) and is on one side of the cell
  6. Reticulocyte: normoblast ejects its nucleus (but RNA remnants) and reticulocyte is ejected into vasculature - looks like an empty cell
  7. RBC after RNA breaks down
36
Q

How can you tell a basophilic erythroblast has started producing hemoglobin?

A

It has a large heterochromatic nucleus

37
Q

What color is the cytoplasm of basophilic erythroblasts?

A

Purple

38
Q

What color is the polychromatophilic erythroblast? Why?

A

Pink because of increased hemoglobin and blue

39
Q

What is another name for a normoblast?

A

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

40
Q

What stage of erythropoiesis are we at if blue-staining squiggles are seen? Why? What is the blue stain?

A

Reticulocyte because of RNA remnants

Supravital stain = brilliant cresyl blue

41
Q

What stages of erythropoiesis are mitotic?

A

1, 2, 3, and 4

42
Q

How does the size of the erythrocyte change during erythropoiesis?

A

Decreases

43
Q

How does the concentration of RNA/mitochondria change during erythropoiesis?

A

Decreases

44
Q

How does the hemoglobin concentration of the erythrocyte change during erythropoiesis?

A

Increases

45
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in the bone marrow? Why

A

In an erythroblastic island = around a macrophage that phagocytoses the ejected nucleus (=pyknotic nucleus) and recycles its components

46
Q

What % of RBCs are actually reticulocytes?

A

1%

47
Q

What does elevated reticulocyte concentration mean?

A

Increase in erythropoiesis

48
Q

What are the 6 stages of granulopoiesis?

A
  1. Myeloblasts: contains no granules
  2. Promyelocytes: contain non-specific granules (blue) and round/oval nucleus
  3. Myelocytes: neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic with specific granules (pink) and round/oval nucleus
  4. Metamyelocytes: lobulation begins and kidney bean shaped nucleus
  5. Band cells: horseshoe shaped nucleus
  6. Final mature product (lobulated nucleus)
49
Q

What does the accumulation of band cells (granulocytes) correspond to? How come?

A

Immune response against bacterial infection, sometimes they are released into the vasculature (or maybe even leukemia)

50
Q

What does a monocyte differentiate into?

A

Macrophage

51
Q

What are macrophages called in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

52
Q

What are macrophages called in the bone?

A

Osteoclasts

53
Q

What are macrophages called in the brain?

A

Glial cells

54
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

Production of platelets from megakaryocytes

55
Q

What stimulates thrombopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

56
Q

What is special about megakaryocytes?

A

They are polyploid meaning they duplicate their DNA but do not divide

57
Q

How does platelet formation happen?

A

A megakaryocyte reaches a sinusoidal cavity (without entering) and sheds platelets on the inside of the bone marrow

58
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterized by?

A

The presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells (RS)

59
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Cancers of lymphatic tissue

60
Q

What are leukemias?

A

Cancers of leukocytes and precursors (all blood cells except for lymphocytes)

61
Q

What are the 2 types of leukemias? Explain each.

A

Acute: cancer of earlier stages of hematopoiesis = replication of immature cells, worse prognosis, rapid progression

Chronic: cancer of later stages of hematopoiesis = replication of mature cells, better prognosis, less agressive

62
Q

What is myelogenous leukemia?

A

Cancer where tumor cells replace hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow

63
Q

How is myelogenous leukemia classified?

A

Based on type of precursor: erythrocytic, granulocytic, monocytic

64
Q

What are the 2 types of myelogenous leukemias? Explain each.

A

Acute: early stage = replication of immature cells, worse prognosis, rapid progression

Chronic: later stages = replication of mature cells, better prognosis, less agressive

65
Q

What treatment against chronic myelogenous leukemia has doubled the 5 year survival rate?

A

Gleevec which targets BCR-Abl tyrosine kinase

66
Q

Is it easier to treat a liquid tumor or a solid tumor? Why?

A

Liquid because drug can easily reach them and because there is a certain threshold of drug you can give for solid tumors (because other normal cells attached to it)

67
Q

What do we call macrophages in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells

68
Q

What do we call hematopoiesis during the third trimester?

A

Medullo-lymphatic phase

69
Q

Why would we do a biopsy of bone barrow?

A

If we suspect leukemia or lymphoma

70
Q

What lines the sinusoidal lumen? Why?

A

Epithelial cells because bone marrow is a type of blood vessel

71
Q

Which stages of erythropoiesis are RNA-rich?

A
  1. Proerythroblast

2. Basophilic erythroblast

72
Q

Where are megakaryocytes?

A

Always in the bone marrow (not the sinusoidal cavity)

73
Q

Are myelogenous leukemias liquid or solid?

A

Liquid

74
Q

How to recognize leukemia after bone marrow biopsy (on a slide)?

A

Leukemia: density of hematopoitic cells is much larger, stains darker

75
Q

What is the latest stage of erythropoiesis where restablishing the lineage would be possible? Why?

A

Polychromatic erythroblasts because they are the last mitotic stage

SMP - MCP Exam 2 (13 decks)

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