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811 > Lecture 25 (Cut off for Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 25 (Cut off for Exam 2) Flashcards

ANS

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Part of nervous system that controls or maintains visceral functions

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2
Q

Vegatative System

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - Cranial Sacral Region (discrete responses)

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3
Q

Fight or Flight

A

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - Thoracic Lumbar Region (diffuse responses)

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4
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary

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5
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary

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6
Q

Primary Roles of ANS

A
  • Homeostasis - maintenance of constant, internal environment
  • Achieved by regulation of digestive, circulation, respiration, excretion, reproduction,p and temperature
  • Controlled by smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle
  • Provide appropriate and coordinated responses to external stimuli (response to meal, fight, extreme temps)
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7
Q

Pharmacologic CNS

A

Catecholamines, Acetylcholine, & Numerous other Neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Parts of Peripheral NS

A
  • Autonomic NS

- Somatic NS

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9
Q

Pharmacologic ANS

A

Ganglionic Acetylcholine & Nicotinic Receptors

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10
Q

Pharmacologic SNS

A

Acetylcholine & Nicotinic Receptors

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11
Q

Parts of ANS

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic

Serves same organs mostly, but with antagonistic effects

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12
Q

Pharmacologic Sympathetic

A

Catecholamine (DA, NE, EPI) Receptors

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13
Q

Pharmacologic Parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine & Muscarinic Receptors

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14
Q

ANS

A
  • Not under conscious control
  • Cells originate in ventral or intermediate horn
  • Myelinated axon of 1st neuron leaves CNS to synapse with second, ganglion neuron
  • Second neuron is unmyelinated and does to organ it serves
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15
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • Voluntary Control
  • Motor neurons originate in ventral horn
  • Extends directly to innervate skeletal muscle
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16
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • Rest and digestion
  • Salivation
  • HCl secretion
  • GI propulsion
  • Urination
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17
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • Fight or Flight
  • O2 intake
  • Increased heart rate and contractility
  • BP
  • Increased blood flow to brain, heart, and muscles
  • Liver gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
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18
Q

Parasympathetic Cranial Nerve Outflow

A
  • III - pupils constrict
  • VII - tears, nasal mucus, saliva
  • IX - parotid salivary gland
  • X - Vagus nerve
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19
Q

Vagus Nerve (X)

A
  • Organs or thorax/abdomen
  • Stimulates digestive glands (acid)
  • Increases motility of smooth muscle in digestive tract
  • Decreases heart rate (may cause bradycardia)
  • Causes bronchial constriction
20
Q

Parasympathetic Sacral Nerve Outflow

A
  • Form pelvic splanchnic nerves
  • Supply 2nd half of large intestine
  • Supply all pelvic (genitourinary) organs
21
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A
  • Diffusion response

- Sympathetic ONLY: sweat glands, hair on skin, blood vessels (constriction and dilation, catecholamines)

22
Q

Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Innervation

A
  • Liver gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • Increased heart rate and contractility
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Dilate bronchi
  • Dry mouth
  • Pupils dilating
23
Q

Visceral Reflex Arcs

A

-Combination of visceral sensory and autonomic nerves
-Many spinal reflexes like defecation and urination
EX: “enteric” NS: 2-3 neuron reflex arcs within gut wall

24
Q

Central Control of ANS

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Reticular Formation
25
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Maintain limbic region for emotions

- Stimulates sympathetic activity, especially previously learned fear-related behavior

26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Main integration center

27
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Most direct influence over autonomic function
  • Norepinephrine (NE) containing brain stem nuclei control many functions of ANS - Locus Coeruleus (NE) and Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (Epinephrine (EPI))
28
Q

PNS Functional Considerations

A
  • Purpose = conserve and restore energy, essential for life, maintain organ function
  • Most actions are mediated by muscarine M3 receptors (except decreased heart rate which is M2), mediated by PNS
  • Localized, discrete actions, NOT massive response
  • Less divergence than SNS, ACh = short action
  • Widespread PNS is NOT beneficial
29
Q

SLUD Response

A
  • Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation
  • ACh also released at ganglion and muscle cholinergic transmission with nicotine receptors and different agonist/antagonists
30
Q

SNS Functional Considerations

A
  • Stimulate activities that expend energy in response to fear, anger, stress, etc.
  • Not needed for life but maintain BP, temperature, etc.
  • Transmit actions via catecholamine neurotransmitters via specific receptors like NE, EPI, and dopamine (DAT)
31
Q

Beta-1 Receptor Actions

A
  • Increased heart rate

- Renin release

32
Q

Alpha-1 Receptor Actions

A
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Decreased blood to skin, internal regions
  • Pupil dilation (mydriasis)
  • Piloerection
33
Q

Beta-2 Receptor Actions

A
  • Increase blood to skeletal muscle
  • Increase blood glucose
  • Dilate bronchioles
  • Accommodate for far vision
34
Q

Exceptions to Dual Innervation

A
  • Sweat glands - sympathetic control, mediated by ACh muscarinic receptors
  • Renal Vasculature - sympathetic, mediated dopamine mechanism (vasodilation)
  • Blood vessels - only sympathetic innervation (some parasympathetic innervation but muscarinic receptors that mediate vasodilation)
35
Q

Transmission

A

Passage of impulse across across a synapse or neuroeffector junction

36
Q

Neurotransmission in ANS

A
  • Exocytosis - electrogenic (action potential induced) opens calcium channels and release vesicle contents in synaptic cleft
  • Entering calcium causes VAMP to interact with SNAP in the terminal membrane
  • Vesicles fuse to membrane and release neurotransmitters
  • Produces response by binding to post/pre-synaptic receptors
37
Q

ANS - Site of Regulation

A
  • Presynaptic Autoreceptors - neuronal receptors that response to the neuron’s own transmitters to modulate neurotransmitter release (positive/negative feedback)
  • Alpha-2 receptors - inhibitory autoreceptors on NE neurons and inhibitory heteroreceptors on ACh neurons
  • Alpha-2 agonists - Decrease NE & ACh release
  • Alpha-2 antagonists - Increase NE & ACh release
  • Presynaptic ACh autoreceptors: muscarinic (inhibitory) & nicotonic (excitatory)
  • Anaxonic interactions - one presynaptic terminal alters the neurotransmitter release of another presynaptic terminal
38
Q

Synaptic Vesicle Regulation

A
  • VAMP - involved with vesicle transport and exocytosis
  • Reserpine - binds to VMAT2 and prevents uptake/storage of monoamine (catecholamine and serotonin) in vesicles which depletes monoamines
  • Tetanus/Botulism Toxin - bind to VAMP and inhibit vesicle release causing a decrease in ACh function and post synaptic receptors
39
Q

Terminating Neurotransmitter Action - ACh

A
  • ACh - rapidly metabolized by ACh-erase at synaptic clefts, produces choline and acetate
  • Choline is taken up into neuron and reutilized
40
Q

Terminating Neurotransmitter Action - Catecholamine

A

-Rapidly removed by uptake transporters in presynaptic terminal

41
Q

Terminating Neurotransmitter Action - DAT & NE

A

-Transporters for these ligands have been cloned and localized to comparable neurons

42
Q

Uptake Inhibitors

A

-Used therapeutically

EX: Antidepressants, cocaine, amphetamine

43
Q

Main end point of SNS & ANS

A

Muscle contraction or relaxant

44
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Attached to bone, usually in pairs to antagonize joint movement
  • VOLUNTARY or volitional muscle that the individual controls
  • Striated due to myofibrils that have thick and thin filaments
45
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • GI tract, blood vessels, bladder, bronchiole tubes, uterus, prostate
  • Cells are spindle shaped, no striations
  • Involuntary and controlled by ANS
46
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Myocardium, striated but involuntary
  • Heart controls own activity (SA/AV nodes) but influenced by ANS
  • Myocytes are connected by tight membrane and gap junctions that function as a unit

811 (38 decks)

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