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Microm 442 > Lecture 24-25, Zoonotic diseases? > Flashcards

Lecture 24-25, Zoonotic diseases? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of zoonotic infections?

A

Infections transmitted between human and other vertebrate animals. Humans are not necessary for transmission. Many of the emerging and most virulent infections of humans, as well as most serious bioterrorism threats.

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2
Q

What are the modes of acquisition of Zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Cutaneous contact with animal tissue or bodily fluids (including bites)
  • Arthropod vector
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
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3
Q

What individual are at increased risk for zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Farmers
  • Hunters/Trappers/Fishermen
  • Slaughterhouse workers
  • Veterinarians/lab personell
  • Pet owners
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4
Q

What historical factors influence zoonotic infections?

A

-Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agrarian societies
-domestication of animals
0increased population density
-modification of environment
-Emergence of immunosuppressed populations

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5
Q

What caused the plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

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6
Q

How is Yersinia pestis identified?

A

-facultative bipolar-staining Gram-negative enteric bacillus, evolved from less pathogenic Yersinia spp.; numerous pseudogenes indicate genome decay

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7
Q

What is hms in Yersinia?

A

hms (hemin storage locus) promotes biofilm formation and obstruction of flea foregut, facilitating transmission of bacteria into mammalian host

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8
Q

What is the plasminogen activator do in Yersinia?

A

-Facilitates the spread in host tissue, yersiniabactin (siderophore for iron acquisition).

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9
Q

What is Yops?

A

(Yersinia Outer Proteins) translocated by type III secretion, subverts activation of phago cells and promote cell death

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10
Q

Where does Yersinia persist in the human body?

A

-Lymph nodes but abscess formation is defective

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11
Q

What are animal reservoirs of Yersinia?

A

urban and rural rodents such as prairie dogs, most cases seen in Africa.

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12
Q

What is a recent reservoir for Yersinia that was discovered?

A

Gerbils found in Central Asia. Climate changes resulted in increased food availability are thought to have led to expansion of populations and outbreaks

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13
Q

What is responsible for the transmission of Yersinia to humans?

A

-flees, domestic cats carrying flees, body lice

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14
Q

What allows for person to person spread of Yersinia?

A

Pneumonic disease

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15
Q

What are enzootic foci?

A

Stable rodent-flea reservoirs of infection

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16
Q

What are epizootic plagues?

A

Results form introduction into a new susceptible small mammal population

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17
Q

What is a concern a major of Yersinia pestis?

A

-bioterrorism

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18
Q

What are clinical forms of clinical forms of the plague?

A
  • Bubonic
  • Septicemic
  • Pneumonic
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19
Q

How is the plague dx?

A
  • Wayson/Giemsa/Gram stains from bubo aspirate
  • bubo/blood/sputum cx with confirmation by Fluorescent antibody, MALDI TOF MS
  • PCR rapide test
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20
Q

What causes Tularemia?

A

-Francisella Tularensis

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21
Q

What some identifiable traits of F Tularensis?

A
  • aerobic
  • small Pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus
  • can intracellularly
22
Q

What are the four subspecies of F tularensis?

A
  • Tularensis (biovar A) most virulent

- Holarctica (biovar B) intermediate virulence

23
Q

How does Tularensis evade innate immune response?

A
  • phase variation of LPS

- replace host cell inflammasome activation and cytokine release

24
Q

What do most virulent strains of Tularensis require?

A

-cysteine for growth

25
Q

What does the PI-encoded type VI secretion system allow Tularensis to do?

A

-arrest maturation of phagocytic vacuole and escape into the macrophage cytoplasm where it replicates, induces host ell death and enters new cell

26
Q

What does the host genome show in Tularensis?

A

-multiple biosynthetic pathways consistent with host-parasite interaction, triggers host autophagy

27
Q

How is Tularemia transmitted?

A
  • arthropod - ticks, biting flies, mosquitoes, or infected rabbits
  • found in the Northern Hemisphere of US
28
Q

What are the clinical forms of Tularemia?

A

Ulceroglandular, Glandular, Oculoglandular, Pharyngeal, Typhoidal, Pneumonic

29
Q

How is Tularemia dx?

A

-Cx, serology, PCR, 16s sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS

30
Q

How is tularemia treated?

A
  • streptomycin/gentamicin
  • doxycine
  • Fluoroquinolones
31
Q

How is Tularemia prevented?

A

-live vaccine but not approved

32
Q

What causes Brucellosis?

A

Brucella

33
Q

What are identifiable characteristics of Brucella?

A
  • aerobic
  • gram negative coccobacccilus
  • intracellular
  • evades host defense
  • utilize glucose with activated M2
34
Q

What are the hosts for Brucella?

A

Brucella abortus-cattle
B melitensis- goats, sheep, camel
B suis . - pigs
B canis- dogs

35
Q

What are the sx for Brucella?

A
  • prolonged flu, can be undulant

- localized in bones, CNS, Heart

36
Q

How is Brucella Treated?

A

doxy
aminogly
rifamp

37
Q

How is Brucella Prevented?

A

-pasteurization, immunize cattle, sheep, goat

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Capnocytophaga canimorsus?

A
  • pale, long slender gram negative
  • grows i CO@
  • causes sepsis and DIC,
  • resistant to neutrophils
  • susceptible to many abx
  • prevented by amoxicillin following animal bites
39
Q

What are the characteristics of Pasteurella multocida?

A
  • found blood of birds with fowl cholera
  • nonmotile, gram - coccobaccili
  • grows on blood or chocolate agar
  • has a mousey odor
  • V Factor toxin disrupts G protein transduction
  • iron acquisition
  • human infections from dog/cat bites
  • Clinically: Osteomylitis, meningitis, pulmonary, prosthetic joints
  • Treated with pens, cehps, tetra, or fluoro.
  • prevention by amoxicillin
40
Q

How is brucella transmitted?

A

dairy products, can penetrate skin

41
Q

What are the characteristics of rat bit fever?

A
  • Streptobacillus monliniformis
  • pleopmorphic, filamentous gram - rod
  • cannot grow in blood cx (SPS inhibition)
  • get by bite from rat or contact
  • -causes fever, migratory polyarthralgias, rash
  • distinguish from asian type Sodoku
  • Cx in serm-supplemented broth (puff balls) or PCR
  • Treat with pen, tetra
42
Q

What are the characteristics of anthrax?

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • aerobic
  • spore-forming, central/sub-terminal and do not swell cells, formed in aerobic conditions
  • gram positive rod
  • forms chains resembling bamboo
  • nonmotile
43
Q

What does anthrax look like on a cx plate?

A

-cx: non-hemolytic, with ground glass appearance,

“medusa head”, Tacky

44
Q

What the virulence factor of anthrax?

A
  • antiphagocytic ply D- glutamate capsule
  • Siderophore
  • SET protein- represses host cell gene expression
  • Peptidoglycan
  • cytolysin (antrholysin)
  • Plasma encoded toxin?
45
Q

What are the hosts and transmission route of anthrax?

A
  • herbivores, humans naturally infected by contact with animal, occupational woolsorter’s disease spread through cashmere wool
  • transmitted by heroin in Eur
  • transmitted by drums from animal hide
46
Q

What are the clinical forms of anthrax?

A
  • cutaneous: most common, spores into skin, papule develops into ulcer,
  • gastrointestinal: Consumption of contaminated meat, V/D, hemorrhagic mucosal eschar
  • inhalational: Aerosolized spores, nausea, SOB, abnormal lung exam, fever, malaise, intermittent, shock and death, maybe hemorrhagic pleural effusions, high mortality, no P-2-P transmission
47
Q

How is anthrax dx?

A
  • stain/cx/punch,
  • biopsy/PCR of skin lesions
  • Fluid cx
  • CXR/CT
  • LAb findings
  • Microbiological identification
48
Q

How is anthrax treated?

A
  • Dox/Fluro + rifampin, clinda, carba, for meningitis
  • avoid pens (B-lactamase)
  • Therapies with abx
49
Q

How is anthrax prevented?

A
  • Cell free Vacccine- 5 shots and annual booster

- decontaminate with bleach

50
Q

Who created the first vaccine for Antrhax?

A
  • ancient Greeks and Romans knew of It.

- Koch elucidated life cycle, Pasteur made vaccine

51
Q

What pathogen has prevalently used for biowarfare and is well known for it?

A
  • Anthrax
  • accidentally released in Russia
  • Was contaminated in mail and sent around in the US.

Microm 442 (16 decks)

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