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Lipids > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

0
Q

Triglyceride digestion

A
  1. Mouth: lipase produced by gastric glands
  2. Stomach: gastric lipase
  3. Small intestine: bile has no lipase. Pancreatic lipase.
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1
Q

Digestion

A
  1. Lipids enter the stomach intact.
  2. Only tags are acted upon in the stomach. Gastric lipase hydrolyzes.
  3. Enter the lumen of the small intestines
  4. Lipids along with bike salts are acted upon by intestinal and pancreatic enzymes.
  5. Short chain FFA go into portal circulation and combine with albumin.
  6. Long chain enter intestinal mucosal cell.
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2
Q

FA nomenclature: saturated, monounsaturated, omega-6, and omega-3.

A
  1. Saturated: palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0).
  2. Monounsaturated: oleic (18:1)
  3. Omega-6: linoleic (18:2), y-linolenic (18:3), arachidonic (20:4).
  4. Omega-6: alpha linolenic (18:3), eicosapentanoic (20:5), docosahexanoic (22:6).
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3
Q

Why FA are essentials

A
  1. Precursors of eicosanoids

2. Are precursors for longer, more highly unsaturated FA that are components of cell membranes.

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4
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • FA composed of 20 carbons
  • refers to three families of substances: prostaglandin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes.
  • are synthesized mainly from arachidonic acid, which is synthesized from linoleic.
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5
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • hormone like substance
  • produced from cell membrane phospholipid ( omega6/omega3 FA tail)
  • mediate a wide range of physiological functions: trigger cytokine release and modulation of inflammation.
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6
Q

Essential FA function

A

25% of fatty acyl chains in mammalian cell membranes are polyunsaturated.

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7
Q

DHA synthesis

A

Alpha linolenic to EPA to DHA.

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8
Q

DHA

A

Accounts for 50% of the PUFAS of cell membrane in the CNS.

  • highest concentration in photoreceptor outer segments and synapses.
  • DHA phospholipids support transmembrane receptor function in CNS, thus resulting in impaired receptor function when DHA bioavailability is decreased.
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9
Q

Essential FA function

A

Physiological roles: neural development, fetal development, high concentrations in brain synapses and retina.

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10
Q

Omega 6 to omega 3 ratio

A

US= 16.74 bc we mostly use soybean oil.

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11
Q

Greenland Eskimos

A

High dietary omega 3 from fish

Low rate if autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.

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12
Q

Benefits of DHA and EPA

A
  1. Inflammatory/ autoimmune diseases
  2. Cardiovascular disease and stroke:
  3. Metabolic syndrome
  4. Pregnancy
  5. Cancer
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13
Q

Cardiovascular

A
  • anti arryhythmic: alter ion currents writhing myocardium and reduced risk of fatal rhythmic irregularities.
  • improve endothelial function: enhance NO production and reduce vasoconstriction.
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14
Q

Metabolic benefits

A

Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity: increase glucose uptake, improves lipid profile, favors FA oxidation, and aids in wt. loss

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15
Q

Pregnancy

A
  • essential for healthy fetal development
  • longer pregnancy: lower risk if pre term, lower risk of preeclampsia, reduced disease risk for offspring in later life like heart and diabetes.
16
Q

Benefits of omega 3 FA

A
  1. Lipids: lower TG, lower RLP
  2. Vessels: lower inflammation, higher endothelial function, higher vasodilation.
  3. Platelets: lower platelet aggregation, higher blood rheology.
  4. Cardio: lower arrhythmia, higher mitochondrial function.
17
Q

Summary

A
  1. Omega 3: PUFA act thru both specific and combines mech.
  2. May be useful in treating and preventing disease condition.
  3. Increasing 3:6 ratio is key.
18
Q

Intake of omega 3 in US

A
  • 1.6g but only .1-.2 g from EPA and DHA
  • WHO recommendations:
    6: 1.1 g
    3: .3-.5 g

Japan=1g EPA/DHA

19
Q

Recommended intake

A
  • increase fish intake
  • supplements may be required
  • reduce 6:3 ratio
20
Q

Potential risks: Fatty fish intake

A
  1. Presence of carcinogenic and toxic substance: DDT, PCB, mercury.
  2. Present in low levels in lakes, rivers, oceans
  3. Higher in fat and skin
  4. Higher risk for children and pregnant.
21
Q

Potential risk: supplementation

A

Supplement fish oil may be safer due to purification process: free of all heavy metal and contamination.

Lipids (1 decks)

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