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microbio > lecture 21 chapter 24 > Flashcards

lecture 21 chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

long term solution of cholera outbreak in Haiti

A

improvements to country’s water treatment and sanitation facilities

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2
Q

digestive tract

A

hollow tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

gastrointestinal tract refers to

A

stomach and intestines

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4
Q

accessory organs of digestive system

A

salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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5
Q

function of digestive system is to

A

convert foods into absorbable nutrients to use for energy and raw materials for growth

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6
Q

mucous membranes are _____ thick and operates microbial population from underlying tissue

A

one cell layer

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7
Q

damage to mucosal barrier allows ____ to penetrate

A

microbes

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8
Q

ingested pathogens often have mechanisms to breach the ______

A

mucosal barrier

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9
Q

causative agent of helicobacter pylori gastritis

A

helicobacter pylori

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10
Q

bacterial characteristics of helicobacter pylori gastritis

A

short, curved, gram-negative microaerophile with multiple sheathed polar flagella

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11
Q

signs and symptoms of helicobacter pylori gastritis

A

most infections are asymptomatic, gastritis with belching and vomiting may occur

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12
Q

chronic gastritis can lead to _____

A

stomach cancer

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13
Q

peptic ulcers produce _______

A

localized abdominal pain, tenderness, bleeding

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14
Q

helicobacter pylori survives acidic environment of _____

A

stomach

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15
Q

helicobacter pylori produces _____

A

urease

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16
Q

bacterium burrows within _____ that coats stomach lining

A

mucus layer

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17
Q

______ promotes flow of urea, induces apoptosis in epithelial cells, interferes with T cells

A

VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin)

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18
Q

______ in strains with higher risk of cancer; alters host cytoskeleton, cell signaling

A

CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene)

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19
Q

damage to epithelial cells and inflammatory response results in

A

decreased mucus production, cell damage

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20
Q

_____ of those effected with stomach cancer are infected with helicobacter pylori gastritis

A

90%

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21
Q

about _____ adults in US infected with H. pylori

A

1 in 5

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22
Q

infection rates of helicobacter pylori gastritis highest in

A

low socioeconomic groups

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23
Q

helicobacter pylori gastritis likely transmitted via

A

fecal-oral route

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24
Q

helicobacter pylori gastritis often found in

A

well water

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25
Q

treatment and prevention of helicobacter pylori gastritis

A

antibiotics plus medication to inhibit acid production

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26
Q

incubation period of helicobacter pylori gastritis

A

usually undetermined

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27
Q

signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis

A

diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, sometimes fever

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28
Q

incubation period of gastroenteritis

A

1-3 days

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29
Q

if gastroenteritis in small intestine, then

A

abundant, watery diarrhea (bacterial or viral)

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30
Q

if gastroenteritis in large intestine, then

A

small amounts of diarrhea with mucus, pus, and sometimes blood (mostly bacteria)

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31
Q

dysentery is

A

blood and pus in feces

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32
Q

virulence genes are often shared by ______ across different species

A

horizontal transfer

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33
Q

infectious dose typically related to ______, organisms must survive passage through stomach

A

acid tolerance

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34
Q

attachment of ______ needed for infection

A

pathogen

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35
Q

gastroenteritis disrupts _____ in small intestine; can result in dehydration; potentially fatal, especially in the very young and very old

A

fluid exchange

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36
Q

gastroenteritis causes _______ in large intestine

A

strong inflammatory response

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37
Q

mechanisms of gastroenteritis include

A

alteration of intestinal epithelial cells, cell invasion, exotoxin production

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38
Q

enterotoxins cause

A

water and electrolyte loss

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39
Q

cytotoxins cause

A

cell death

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40
Q

some cytoxins can be absorbed into bloodstream, causing

A

systemic effects

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41
Q

how is diarrheal disease transmitted?

A

fecal-oral (ingestion of contaminated food/water, sexual practices with oral-anal contact)

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42
Q

pathogens with low infectious dose can be transmitted by _______

A

person-to-person contact

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43
Q

________ are important control measures for diarrheal disease

A

sewage treatment, hand washing, chlorination of drinking water

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44
Q

_______ in the US is a DNA subtyping resource that helps track illness caused by specific intestinal pathogens

A

PulseNet

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45
Q

treatment and prevention of diarrheal diseases

A

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

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46
Q

oral rehydration therapy is mixture of

A

glucose and salts

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47
Q

is there a treatment for viral diarrhea?

A

no

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48
Q

antimicrobial medications can sometimes prolong bacterial infection as they suppress _______, zinc supplements may decrease severity of disease

A

normal microbiota

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49
Q

causative agent of cholera

A

vibrio cholerae

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50
Q

bacterial characteristics of vibrio cholerae

A

curved, gram-negative rod

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51
Q

several serotypes of vibrio cholerae grouped by

A

O antigen

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52
Q

01 serotype responsible for

A

a previous pandemic

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53
Q

cholera is ____ and can grow in alkaline conditions

A

halotolerant (salt tolerant)

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54
Q

incubation period of cholera

A

18-48 hours

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55
Q

“rice water stool” appearance can amount to _______ a day in cholera; dehydration can lead to organ failure and death

A

20 liters

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56
Q

signs and symptoms of cholera

A

vomiting may occur at onset; severe muscle cramps result from loss of fluids and electrolytes

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57
Q

cholera is sensitive to ____, so large numbers of pathogenesis must be ingested

A

acid

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58
Q

cholera pathogenesis adheres to epithelial cells of ______, establish infection, produce cholera toxin, an A-B toxin

A

small intestine

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59
Q

B portion of cholera pathogenesis attaches to

A

receptors of microvilli

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60
Q

after cholera pathogenesis attaches to receptors of microvilli, what occurs?

A

A portion enters cells, activates a G protein that turns on adenylate cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP

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61
Q

high cAMP in cholera pathogenesis causes cell to secrete

A

chloride ions

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62
Q

what happens in cholera pathogenesis after chloride ions are secreted

A

sodium and other ions follow, and water follows the salts, yielding outpouring from cells

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63
Q

cholera pathogenesis toxin does not affect ____, but volume of fluid is too much to be absorbed, causing diarrhea

A

large intestine

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64
Q

cholera pathogenesis toxin encoded by ______: lysogenic conversion

A

bacteriophage

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65
Q

_____ is most common source for cholera

A

fecally contaminated water

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66
Q

foods including ________ are also causes for cholera

A

crab, oysters, vegetables

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67
Q

a person can discharge a ______ or more vibrio cholerae cells in each milliliter of feces

A

million

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68
Q

_____ can eliminate spread of cholera

A

effective wastewater treatment

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69
Q

_____ is the paradigm of “watery diarrhea”

A

cholera

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70
Q

rapid replacement of ______ and ______ given before damage to vital organs can occur (cholera)

A

fluids, electrolytes

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71
Q

intravenous or oral rehydration therapy can decrease mortality in cholera from over _____ to less than ____

A

30%, 1%

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72
Q

clean water and adequate sanitation are key control measures for

A

cholera

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73
Q

vaccines for cholera are available in many parts of world, however these do not induce _____

A

long-term immunity

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74
Q

in 2016, FDA approved ______ against serotype O1 intended for travelers to endemic areas; moderately effective in reducing incidence of watery diarrhea

A

live attenuated oral vaccine

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75
Q

signs and symptoms of shigellosis

A

dysentery, diarrhea (multiple low volume episodes a day), headache, vomiting, fever, stiff neck, convulsions, joint pain

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76
Q

______ is often fatal for infants in developing countries

A

shigellosis

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77
Q

incubation period of shigellosis

A

1-3 days

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78
Q

causative agents of shigellosis

A

gram-negative rods: s, dysenteriae, s.flexneri, s.boydii, s. sonnei

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79
Q

______ is the most virulent species of shigellosis

A

s. dysenteriae

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80
Q

_____ is the least virulent species of shigellosis

A

s. sonnei

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81
Q

______ and ______ are the most common species of shigellosis in developing countries

A

s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri

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82
Q

_______ causes over 2/3 of cases of shigellosis in U.S.

A

s. sonnei

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83
Q

_______ passes through the stomach, multiplies in the small intestine and migrates to the large bowl where it enters the epithelium

A

shigella

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84
Q

shigella taken up using antigen sampling function of _____

A

M cells

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85
Q

Shigella multiply inside ______, released at bases of epithelial cells after macrophages die

A

macrophages

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86
Q

shigella attach to specific receptors, inducing uptake by ______, multiply, cause actin polymerization to propel cell to cell

A

epithelial cells

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87
Q

shigella invasion results in death of _______, soughing of patches of epithelium; strong inflammatory response

A

epithelial cells

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88
Q

some strains of shigella produce ______, an A-B toxin responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

Shiga toxin

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89
Q

______ of shiga toxin binds to endothelial cells lining small blood vessels

A

B subunits

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90
Q

______ of shiga toxin halts protein synthesis, leading to cell death

A

A subunit

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91
Q

HUS may cause _____ and _______; often fatal

A

anemia, kidney failure

92
Q

action of shiga toxin

A

the STX A subunit cleaves a specific adenine nucleoubase from the 28S RNA of the 60S subunit of the ribosome, thereby halting protein synthesis, and killing the target cell

93
Q

shigellosis is transferred by

A

fecal-oral route

94
Q

does shigellosis have a very low or very high infectious dose?

A

very low (10-100 organisms)

95
Q

shigella is highly resistant to

A

stomach acid

96
Q

shigella spreads rapidly in populations with

A

poor sanitation

97
Q

some strains of shigella spread in

A

daycare facilities

98
Q

some causes of shigellosis include

A

fecally contaminated food and water, anal intercourse

99
Q

treatment and prevention of shigellosis

A

antimicrobials shorten duration; some strains are resistant
sanitary measures control spread

100
Q

signs and symptoms of escherichia coli gastroenteritis

A

depends on the strain; some cause watery diarrhea, others cause a shigellosis-like dysentery
one group causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

101
Q

causative agent of escherichia coli gastroenteritis

A

escherichia coli

102
Q

is escherichia coli gastroenteritis gram negative rod, or gram positive rod?

A

gram negative rod

103
Q

escherichia coli gastroenteritis is closely related to ______

A

shigella

104
Q

unlike shigella, most strains of escherichia coli ferment _______

A

lactose

105
Q

_____ strains food borne; colonize large intestine; epidemics have involved ground beef, unpasteurized milk, bean sprouts, leafy vegetable, others

A

STEC

106
Q

____ of patients with STEC strain develop Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome-can be fatal

A

roughly 10%

107
Q

_____ strains cause diarrhea in infants in developing countries, also visitors; relatively high infectious dose; “travelers diarrhea”

A

ETEC

108
Q

_____ primarily cause disease in young children in developing countries; not easily spread by direct contact

A

EIEC

109
Q

______ strains important in infants; antibodies in breast milk protective; relatively low infectious dose

A

EPEC

110
Q

_____ strains infect children, travelers, AIDS patients

A

EAEC

111
Q

______ strains have caused outbreaks in children

A

DAEC

112
Q

characteristic features of e.coli DAEC strain

A

Grows as a diffuse layer in a thick mucus-associated biofilm on the intestinal epithelium; produces toxins

113
Q

characteristic features of e.coli EAEC strain

A

Grows in brick-like aggregations in a thick mucus-associated biofilm on the intestinal epithelium; produces toxins

114
Q

characteristic features of e.coli EIEC strain

A

nvades the intestinal epithelium, causing a disease, very similar to shigellosis

115
Q

characteristic features of e.coli EPEC strain

A

colonizes the small intestine; induces changes in actin filaments, causing the microvilli to be replaced by pedestals under the bacterial cells (A/E lesions)

116
Q

characteristic features of e.coli ETEC strain

A

Colonizes the small intestine and produces toxins, one nearly identical to cholera toxin

116
Q

characteristic features of e.coli STEC strain (shiga toxin)

A

Same as EPEC, except it produces Shiga toxin and colonizes the large intestine rather than the small intestine

117
Q

symptoms of e.coli DAEC strain

A

diarrhea, particularly in children

118
Q

symptoms of e.coli EAEC strain

A

variable symptoms; nausea, watery diarrhea (both acute and persistent)

119
Q

symptoms of e.coli EIEC strain

A

fever, cramps, diarrhea containing blood and pus

120
Q

symptoms of e.coli EPEC strain

A

fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea containing mucus

121
Q

symptoms of e.coli ETEC strain

A

nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, massive watery diarrhea leading to dehydration

122
Q

symptoms of shiga toxin producing e.coli (STEC)

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea
without pus; some patients develop hemolytic
uremic syndrome; most strains identified in
outbreaks are serotype O157:H7

123
Q

treatment and prevention of escherichia coli gastroenteritis

A

replacement of lost fluid, antibiotics not routinely used since most cases are self-limiting, hand washing, pasteurization of drinks, cooking of food

124
Q

widespread use of ______ to prevent diarrhea has promoted development of resistant strains of e.coli

A

antibiotics

125
Q

incubation period of escherichia coli gastroenteritis

A

2 hours to 6 days

126
Q

how many cases are there in the US of salmonella gastroenteritis a year?

A

1.2 million

127
Q

most salmonella gastroenteritis outbreaks are due to

A

foods: meat, milk, eggs, etc.

128
Q

signs and symptoms of salmonella gastroenteritis

A

diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever

129
Q

salmonella gastroenteritis is often ______ and ____ depending on strain and dose

A

short-lived and mild

130
Q

incubation period of salmonella gastroenteritis

A

12 hours to 3 days

131
Q

causative agent of salmonella gastroenteritis

A

salmonella enterica

132
Q

bacterial characteristics of salmonella enterica

A

gram-negative rod; member of the neterobacteriaceae family

133
Q

there are more than ______ serotypes of salmonella gastroenteritis based on somatic (O), flagellar (H), and capsular (K) antigens

A

2,400

134
Q

pathogenesis of salmonella gastroenteritis

A

most are sensitive to acid, so requires a high infectious dose (about 10^6 bacteria)

135
Q

salmonella enterica attach to epithelial cells of distal _______; effector proteins via type III secretion system induce _______

A

small intestine, endocytosis

136
Q

inflammatory response of salmonella gastroenteritis causes

A

diarrhea

137
Q

inflammation of salmonella gastroenteritis also produces ______ that salmonella can use in anaerobic respiration

A

tetrathionate

138
Q

most cases of salmonella gastroenteritis come from

A

nonhuman animal sources

139
Q

bacteria of salmonella gastroenteritis can survive for months in

A

soil and water (untreated manure can spread)

140
Q

______ is typically the source of contaminated food products (especially poultry) in salmonella gastroenteritis cases

A

manure fertilizer

141
Q

children commonly infected with salmonella gastroenteritis by handling

A

pet reptiles

142
Q

treatment and prevention of salmonella gastroenteritis

A

most recover without antibiotics; many strains are antibiotic resistant
sanitary handling of food (cook to 160 degrees fahrenheit)

143
Q

systemic diseases that originate in the intestine

A

enteric fevers

144
Q

typhoid and paratyphoid fevers signs and symptoms

A

progressively increasing fever over a number of days, severe headache, constipation, abdominal pain
in severe cases; intestinal rupture, bleeding, shock, death

145
Q

incubation period of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers

A

1-4 weeks

146
Q

causative agent of typhoid fever

A

salmonella serotype Typhi

147
Q

causative agent of paratyphoid fever

A

salmonella serotype paratyphi

148
Q

typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are confirmed by

A

blood culture

149
Q

systemic infection of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers causes

A

fever, abscesses, sepsis, and shock, often with little or no diarrhea

150
Q

in typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, ______ sometimes destroyed, leading to rupture of intestine, hemorrhage, and death

A

Peter’s patches

151
Q

typhoid and paratyphoid fevers toxins produced when cells are

A

within a host cell

152
Q

_______ caused by bacteria that colonize intestines, cross mucous membrane via M cells, multiply within macrophages, and are carried in bloodstream throughout the body

A

enteric fevers

153
Q

______ are the only known host of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers

A

humans (so it spreads person to person often via contaminated food or water)

154
Q

some survivors of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers remain colonized in _______; can shed high numbers for years

A

gallbladder

155
Q

treatment and prevention of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers

A

antibiotics; some strains are resistant
surgical removal of gallbladder and months of antibiotic therapy often necessary to rid carriers of infection

156
Q

two vaccines against salmonella typhi, each approximately ______ effective; attenuated live oral or injectable capsular polysaccharide

A

50-75%

157
Q

there is no vaccine against _______

A

salmonella paratyphi

158
Q

incubation period of campylobacteriosis

A

1-11 days, usually 2-5 days

159
Q

most common form of bacterial gastroenteritis is

A

campylobacteriosis

160
Q

symptoms of campylobacteriosis

A

fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, dysentery in about half the cases

161
Q

causative agent of campylobacteriosis

A

campylobacter jejuni

162
Q

bacterial characteristics of campylobacter jejuni

A

curved, gram-negative rod first isolated in 1972
can be cultivated under microaerophilic conditions with a selective medium

163
Q

______ penetrates epithelial cells of small and large intestines, cause localized inflammatory reaction

A

campylobacter jejuni

164
Q

up to 40% of ______ cases preceded by campylobacteriosis; automimmunity is likely involved

A

Gullian-barre syndrome (reversible partial paralysis)

165
Q

estimated 1.3 million cases and approximately 100 deaths/year in US for _______, most in elderly or immunodeficient

A

campylobacteriosis

166
Q

numerous ____ and ______ outbreaks reported for campylobacteriosis, although most cases are sporadic

A

foodborne, waterborne

167
Q

_______ lives in intestines of domestic animals

A

c jejuni

168
Q

poultry is the most common source of infection for _______, with up to 90% containing it

A

campylobacteriosis

169
Q

campylobacteriosis has a _____ infectious dose

A

low (approximately 500 organisms)

170
Q

treatment of campylobacteriosis

A

typically self-limiting, leaves patient immune
antibiotics used for severe cases

171
Q

prevention of campylobacteriosis

A

cooking and proper handling of raw poultry
hand washing after animal feces contact
keeping outdoor areas free of bird droppings
chlorinating drinking water pasteurizing beverages

172
Q

clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is

A

antibiotic-associated diarrhea, increasing in incidence and severity since early 2000s

173
Q

signs and symptoms of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

A

rashes widely in severity, mild cases characterized w fever, pain beginning less than a week after infection
more serious cases progress to colitis, sometimes with pseudomembranes
severe cases can be life threatening

174
Q

causative agent of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

A

clostridioides difficile (c.diff)

175
Q

bacterial characteristics of clostridioides difficile

A

gram-positive, obligate anaerobic rod

176
Q

c. diff forms _____ highly resistant to disinfectants, environmental conditions, so control is difficult

A

endospores

177
Q

ingested endospores of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) develop into ______ that sometimes colonize large intestine

A

vegetative cells

178
Q

there are _____ of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), differ in pathogenicity

A

many strains

179
Q

strains causing CDI produce ______; hyper virulent strains increasing in prevalence

A

toxins

180
Q

clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is resistant to

A

fluoroquinolones

181
Q

CDC considers C. diff an

A

urgent health threat

182
Q

_______ due to antibiotic use allows proliferation of C. difficile

A

dysbiosis (microbial imbalance)

183
Q

two toxins of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) (ToxA and ToxB) are lethal to

A

intestinal epithelium

184
Q

toxins of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) disrupt _____ and induce ______

A

host cell actin polymerization, strong inflammatory response

185
Q

binary toxin of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) produced by ______; interferes with host actin polymerization

A

hypervirulent strains

186
Q

clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is primarily in _________

A

hospitalized patients on antibiotic therapy

187
Q

C. difficile can grow to high numbers when ______ is disrupted

A

normal microbiota

188
Q

infectious endospores of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) are shed in

A

feces

189
Q

common antibiotics used in clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

A

nacomycin, metronidazole, or fidaxomicin

190
Q

in which disease may it be beneficial to stop antibiotics because symptoms often disappear?

A

clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

191
Q

fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) repairs _____

A

dysbiosis (stool replacement therapy)

192
Q

preventive measures for clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

A

minimizing use of antibiotics, hand washing, wearing gloves, disinfectants

193
Q

rotavirus gastroenteritis is the _______ gastroenteritis around the world in infants and children

A

most viral

194
Q

signs and symptoms of rotavirus gastroenteritis

A

abrupt vomiting, slight fever, followed shortly by produce watery diarrhea

195
Q

incubation period of rotavirus gastroenteritis

A

24-48 hours, usually clear within a week, but fatal dehydration can occur if fluids are not replaced

196
Q

causative agent of rotavirus gastroenteritis

A

rotaviruses

197
Q

bacterial characteristics of rotaviruses

A

Non-enveloped with double-walled capsid and double-stranded segmented RNA genome (11 segments)
Major subgroup of Reoviridae

198
Q

rotavirus gastroenteritis damages lining of _____; less fluid is absorbed

A

upper small intestine

199
Q

in rotavirus gastroenteritis, viral protein acts as

A

enterotoxin

200
Q

rotavirus gastroenteritis is transmitted via

A

fecal-oral route

201
Q

if not vacccinated, most children before the age of are infected with

A

rotavirus gastroenteritis

202
Q

infection of rotavirus gastroenteritis yields

A

some immunity (later infections are milder)

203
Q

rotavirus gastroenteritis is about 25% of

A

travelers diarrhea

204
Q

_______ Infects variety of other animals; most do not also infect humans, but genetic re-assortment could occur

A

rotavirus gastroenteritis

205
Q

are there specific diagnostic measures taken for rotavirus gastroenteritis?

A

No, positive diagnosis does not change treatment regimen; therefore its not typically done

206
Q

treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis

A

no direct treatment, infants and small children are sometimes hospitalized and given intravenous fluids

207
Q

prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis

A

handwashing, disinfectant use, other sanitary measures
attenuated vaccines administered to infants result in substantial decline in incidence

208
Q

most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in US with about 21 million cases annually

A

norovirus gastroenteritis

209
Q

norovirus gastroenteritis is a ______ agent due to easy spread and rapid and severe debilitation of patients

A

class B bioterrorism

210
Q

signs and symptoms of norovirus gastroenteritis

A

abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting (more severe in older children and adults), watery diarrhea

211
Q

incubation period of norovirus gastroenteritis

A

1-2 days

212
Q

causative agent of norovirus gastroenteritis

A

noroviruses

213
Q

bacterial characteristics of noroviruses

A

non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses in Caliciviridae

214
Q

new strains of ______ frequently emerge

A

noroviruses

215
Q

_______ infect epithelium of upper smaller intestine, causing cell death and decreased production of digestive enzyme

A

norovirus gastroenteritis

216
Q

epithelium of norovirus gastroenteritis recovers fully within about

A

2 weeks

217
Q

natural immunity of norovirus gastroenteritis is

A

short-lived

218
Q

transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis

A

primarily fecal-oral, but also via aerosols and contaimined surfaces

219
Q

norovirus gastroenteritis is highly contagious, infectious dose of

A

fewer than 20 virions

220
Q

visions of norovirus gastroenteritis resists ______, stable in environment

A

destruction

221
Q

epidemics of norovirus gastroenteritis common on

A

cruise ships, dormitories, military barracks

222
Q

more than 50% of food borne disease outbreaks due to

A

norovirus

223
Q

_______ established in 2009 to trace strains of norovirus

A

CaliciNet

224
Q

treatment of norovirus gastroenteritis

A

no proven medications, no vaccine

225
Q

prevention of norovirus gastroenteritis

A

handwashing w soap and water
disinfectants, other sanitary measures
infected food worked should be restricted from working for 72 hours after symptoms subside

microbio (8 decks)

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