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Microbial Control > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapeutic Agent

A

Chemical substance used to treat/prevent a disease

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2
Q

Antimicrobial Agent

A

Chemotherapeutic drug used to treat/prevent an infection

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3
Q

Antibiotic

A
  • Naturally occurring microbial compound that inhibits/kills other microbes
  • Also includes semi- and synthetic compounds
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4
Q

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents

A
  • Selective toxicity- destroys or inhibits microbe without affecting host cells
  • Non-allergenic to host- should not cause adverse reactions in host
  • Should not disturb host’s normal flora causing secondary (super) infections produced by opportunists
  • Affordable cost
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5
Q

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents

A
  • Broad spectrum- effective against a wide variety of organisms
  • Non-mutagenic - does not include development of resistant strains
  • Stable in body fluids-not easily broken down or excreted, to maintain constant and effective levels
  • Absorbed by tissues- delivery to the site of infection
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6
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A
  • Envisioned the “Magic Bullet”
  • Developed an arsenic compound called SALVARSAN
  • Used to treat syphilis
  • Later rejected because of side effects
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7
Q

Gerhard Dogmack

A
  • Anti-microbial dyes were produced for treating fabrics
  • Dogmack tested Prontosil on living animals
  • Effective against Staph. and Strep. infections
  • Active ingredients is sulfanilmide
  • He received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Absentia
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8
Q

Ernest Duchesne

A
  • French medical student
  • Discovered mold could inhibit the growth of Staph.
  • Published a paper but couldn’t isolate the agent
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9
Q

Alexandra Fleming

A
  • Rediscovered the phenomenon
  • Named the agent from the mold Penicillin
  • Could not get funding for further studies
  • It was forgotten again
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10
Q

Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain

A
  • They re-isolated penicillin
  • Conducted tests with it
  • Presented its medical potential to USDA in Peoria
  • They won a Nobel Prize
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11
Q

Selman Waksman

A
  • Discovered that M. tuberculosis died when added to certain soils
  • Isolated Streptomycin from S. griseus
  • He coined the term “antibiotic”
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12
Q

Genera that Produce Antibiotics

A
  • Streptomyces
    • Half of the anitbiotics
  • Bacillus
    • Bacitracin
    • Polymyxin
  • Penicillium
    • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporium
    • Cephalosporins
  • Micromonospora
    • Gentamycin
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13
Q

Antibiotics Mode of Action

A
  • Inhibition of
    • Cell wall synthesis
    • Protein synthesis
    • Nucleic acid synthesis
    • Enzyme activity
  • Injury to plasma membrane
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14
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  • Mode of action
    • Competitive inhibition
  • Used to treat UTI Gram (-) rod infections
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15
Q

Isoniazid

A
  • Mode of action
    • Cell wall inhibition
  • Inhibits Mycobacterium tubercolosis
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16
Q

Ethambutol

A
  • Inhibits mycobacterium

* Other microbes are resistant to it

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17
Q

Nitrofurans

A

*Used widely for urinary tract infections

18
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • Flagyl
  • An effective amebecide
  • Used for Trichomoniasis and Giardiasis
19
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibitors of protein synthesis
  • Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
  • Affect cell membranes
20
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

A
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Bacitracin
  • Vancomycin
21
Q

Penicillin

A
  • Most widely used antibiotic
    • Low cost
    • Thousands of derivatives
    • Low toxicity
  • Natural Penicillins
    • Penicillin G and Penicillin V
  • Limitations
    • Destroyed by stomach acid
    • Susceptible to penicillinase
    • Allergic reactions
22
Q

Penicillin–Semi synthetic

A
  • Developed by adding side chains to penicillin nucleus
  • Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
    • Acid resistant, broad spectrum
  • Carbenicillin
    • broad spectrum for UTI’s
  • Methicillin, Oxacillin
    • Penicillinase resistant
    • S. aureus is becoming resistant to methicillin
23
Q

Cephalosporins

A
  • Produced by marine fungi–Cephalosporium
  • Resembles penicillin structure and action
  • Advantages:
    • Penicillinase resistant
    • Broad spectrum
  • Disadvantages:
    • Poorly absorbed through GIT
    • Expensive
  • Ex:
    • Keflex, Keflin, Kefzol
24
Q

Bacitracin

A
  • Produced by Bacillus subtillis
  • Narrow spectrum
    • streptococci and staphylococci
    • Usually skin infections
  • Found in neosporin topical ointment
  • In combination with
    • Neomycin and polymyxin
  • Requires no prescription
25
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • Produced as metabolic waste from Streptomyces

* Used to treat Methicilin and Penicillin resistant Staph infections

26
Q

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Chloramphenicols
  • Erythromycin
  • Moxalactam
27
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • Bind to bacterial ribosomes
  • Streptomycin
    • Produced by streptomyces grisesus
    • From the throat of a chicken
    • Isolated by Selman Waksman
    • Effective against Tularemia, Tuberculosis and The Bubonic Plague
  • Disadvantages:
    • Toxic
    • May cause hearing loss or deafness
28
Q

Aminoglycosides–Neomycin

A
  • Non prescription drug
  • Used in topical ointments
  • Used against bacterial conjuctivitis
  • Found in neosporin
29
Q

Aminoglycosides–Kanamycin

A
  • Broad spectrum

* Used for Gram (-) infections

30
Q

Aminoglycosides–Gentamycin

A
  • Produced by Micromonospora

* Used against Enteric and Pseudomonas infections

31
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • Semisynthetic
  • Original molecule is produced by Streptomyces
  • Broad spectrum and bacteriostatic
  • Disadvantages:
    • Cause yellow/gray/brown discoloration of teeth
  • Contraindicated for pregnant women as it retards bone growth in children
  • Diarrhea
32
Q

Chloramphenicol

A
  • Produced by streptomyces venezuelae
  • Now its synthesized
  • Broad Spectrum
  • Very Toxic
  • May cause Apalstic Anemia
  • Used only in serious infections like meningitis and typhoid fever
33
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • Produced by Streptomyces
  • Used as a substitute for Penicillin G for allergic patients
  • Effective against Legionnaire’s disease
34
Q

Moxalactam

A
  • Produced by Chromobacter Violaceum
  • Used widely against gram - infections
  • Especially noscomial infections (acquired in a hospital)
35
Q

Antibiotic–Polymyxin

A
  • Produced by bacillus polymyxia
  • Effective against Gram - infections
    • Especially pseudomonas
  • Used as a topical ointment
  • No prescription needed
36
Q

Antibiotics–Amphotericin B

A
  • Produced by Streptomyces
  • Damages fungal membranes
  • Used to treat systemic fungal infections
    • Histplasmosis, cryptococcosis
37
Q

Antibiotic–nystatin

A
  • Produced by Streptomyces

* Used to treat Candida albicans infections

38
Q

Griseofulvin

A
  • Produced by Penicillium
  • Interferes with Mitosis
  • Used to treat Dermatophytic Funga Infections
39
Q

Rifampin

A
  • Original compound is isolated from Streptomyces

* Used to treat Tuberculosis and Leprosy

40
Q

Antiviral/Acyclovir

A
  • Inhibits DNA production in a virus

* Used to treat genital herpes

41
Q

Antiviral/Idoxuridine

A
  • It is base analog to thymine
  • Prevents DNA from replicating
  • Used to treat herpes infections of the eyes
42
Q

Antiviral/ Azidothymidine

A

*Used in treating AIDS patients

Microbial Control (1 decks)

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