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MBB 328 > Lecture 20 - Vaccines A/B > Flashcards

Lecture 20 - Vaccines A/B Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of virus is smallpox?

A

Variola, ds DNA virus

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2
Q

How does small pox infect the host? Tissue tropism?

A

Inhalation, localizes in vessels of skin and in the mouth and throat

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3
Q

What are macropapular rashes

A

Large fluid-filled blisters characteristic of small pox. Loaded with viral particles - highly infectious.

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4
Q

What is the most deadly virus of all time?

A

Variola

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5
Q

What were old methods of vaccinating against smallpox?

A

Variolation, cowpox and horsepox (vaccinia virus) exposure

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6
Q

What is active immunization?

A

Prophylactic administration of a vaccine to prevent future infections. May or not be lifelong depending on the pathogen and vaccine.

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7
Q

How does active immunization achieve life-long protection ideally?

A

Production of memory B and T cells. Mostly Ab dependent, Thelper cells - Tc cells not as important

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8
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

Administration of antitoxins (Ab’s or lymphocytes) that provide protection post-exposure.

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9
Q

Why does passive immunization not provide protection against future infections?

A

Ab’s or lymphocytes directly injected therefore no production of memory B and T cells - not true immunization.

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10
Q

What occurs during primary exposure to a pathogen?

A

Clonal amplification of specific B and T cells, Abs, memory B and T cells; takes time.

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11
Q

How does secondary exposure elicit a rapid response compared to the primary response?

A

Circulating Abs, high levels of clonally amplified B and T cells specific for the pathogen

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12
Q

What is sterilizing immunity?

A

They prevent infection because the pathogen cannot
replicate; these are the most effective vaccines as
they prevent transmission; eg. measles vaccine

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13
Q

What is a protective immunity?

A

Vaccinee is protected from the disease but can still transmit it – these are still effective in controlling infection; eg. polio vaccine

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14
Q

What caused the Measles outbreak in 2014? How could it have been prevented?

A

Reduced vaccine uptake - Two students at a Christian school in Chilliwack contracted measles and
exposed hundreds more. Herd immunity - low
vaccination rate in the region – 50-
60% compared to the national rate
of 95%. Many in this “Bible Belt”
region oppose vaccines based on
religious grounds.

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15
Q

How do vaccines activate the immune system?

A

All vaccines today work by eliciting a humoral (B cell) response – specific B cells (and T-helper cells) are
stimulated, neutralizing Abs are produced that prevent the pathogen from infecting cells by neutralizing
them and/or targeting them for destruction by phagocytic cells and NK cells. Some vaccines likely also
mediate a cytotoxic T cell response to kill infected cells; not clear how much these contribute to protection

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16
Q

What are the main types of vaccines for SARS-Cov-2?

A

Viral vector vaccines and mRNA vaccines

17
Q

What are the different types of viral vector vaccines? Give examples of each.

A

Weakened virus capable of infecting and replicating without causing illness, vesicular stomatitis virus used for Ebola virus vaccine. Non-replicating vaccine, requires a higher dose, non-replicating adenovirus used for COVID-19.

18
Q

Which COVID-19 vaccines use non-replicating adenovirus (viral vector vaccines) and what is the virus?

A

J&J - human adenovirus vector (Ad26)
Astrazeneca - chimpanzee adenovirus vector (ChAd)
Sputnik V - Ad26 boosted with Ad5 in case there was a immune response against the first one, it would destroy the second one instead.

19
Q

What is the drawback for the J&J, astrazeneca and sputnik v vaccines?

A

Human adenoviruses cause respiratory infections. People may have anti-Ad Abs (are “seropositive”) due to previous infections, which could
destroy the vector. Hence the use of a non-human primate adenovirus for AstraZeneca

20
Q

What are mRNA vaccines delivered in?

A

Lipid nanoparticles

21
Q

How do mRNA vaccines evade bring recognized as PAMPs?

A

Modified to prevent being recognized

as PAMPs by cellular RNA pattern recognition receptors

22
Q

How are mRNA vaccines able to be translated by host cell machinery?

A

mRNA has a 5’ cap and a 3’ polyA tail so that they are

recognized

23
Q

What are the benefits and disadvantages of mRNA vaccines?

A

RNA is easily synthesized, can modify the mRNA
sequence to introduce amino acid changes seen in newlyemerging variants. mRNA is not very stable cf. vectors – require storage at low temperatures

MBB 328 (10 decks)

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