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Developmental, Stem Cell & Regenerative biology > Lecture 2 - Vertebrates from egg to embryo > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Vertebrates from egg to embryo Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes an animal a vertebrate?

A

has a head, dorsal nerve chord & notochord

notochord = precursor to modern day vertebrate

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2
Q

Describe the similarity/differences in early embryonic development in vertebrates

A

SIMILARITIES
- once a level of polarity

DIFFERENCES
- oocytes if different sizes
- formation of an embryo is very different

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3
Q

What stage of embryonic development is consistent between vertebrates?

A

phargyngula stage

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4
Q

What highly repeated structures were observed by Haeckel?

A
  • vertebrates tend to have 5-9 pharyngeal pouches
  • somites are also repeated
  • meta metric structures - repeated modules - SEGREGATIO
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5
Q

What is likely to have caused the similarities in development in vertebrates?

A

a ‘bottle-neck’ during developmemnt that are evolutionarily conserved

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6
Q

What occurs after the sperm meets the egg?

A

cleavage (division) occurs synchronously

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7
Q

What is the name given to cells when dividing?

A

blastomeres

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8
Q

What occurs during the blastula stage?

A
  • cells are on the outside of the inside cavity
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9
Q

What is the name given to cells on the exterior during the blastula?

A

blastoderm

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10
Q

What is the name given to cells in the cavity during the blastula stage?

A

blastocoel

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11
Q

How often do cells in the embryo tend to divide?

A

Every 30 minutes

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12
Q

What is the equation to work out the number of cells in early cell proliferation?

A

N(start) x 2^(txf) = N finish

N = number of cells
t = time
f = frequency

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13
Q

What occurs directly after sperm entry?

A

a wave of free Ca2+ (calcium) ion travel across the egg.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the wave of calcium after sperm entry?

A
  • allows development to proceed, as calcium acts on proteins that controls the cell cycle to initiate cleavage (cell division)
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15
Q

What occurs to ensure that cell division is synchronised?

A
  • oscillations in Ca2+ levels during early development.
  • small release of calcium before divisions where cleavage is occurring
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16
Q

What stages are there in the cell cycle in the early embryo?

A

“rapid synchronous cleavage”

  • S&M phase only, no G phase
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17
Q

What process is suppressed in the cell cycle in the early embryo?

A

transcription

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18
Q

What provides the building blocks for DNA synthesis & growth?

A

maternal store (RNA & protein)

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19
Q

What occurs in the S stage?

A

synthesis - DNA replication

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20
Q

What occurs in the M stage?

A

mitosis - nuclear division
cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division

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21
Q

Describe what happens to the maternal RNA & zygotic RNA levels after zygotic genome activation

A

after zygotic genome activation, maternal RNA falls, with zygotic RNAs rising

22
Q

What are the characteristics of zygotic genome activation?

A
  • cell cycle slows
  • cell cycle becomes asynchronous
  • cell movement begins
23
Q

When does zygotic genome activation occur in a mouse?

A

2-cell stage

24
Q

When does zygotic genome activation occur in a frog?

A

5,000-cell stage

25
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

formation of the 3 germ layers:
- ectoderm (outside)
- mesoderm
- endoderm

(involves the complex rearrangement of tissues)

26
Q

How do the endoderm & mesoderm form?

A

movement of cells to the inside of the embryo

27
Q

How does the ectoderm form?

A

the cells that remain on the surface of the embryo form the ectoderm

28
Q

What axis are established as a result of gastrulation?

A

establishment of true dorsal/ventral axes

29
Q

What are the derivatives of the ectoderm?

A
  • neurones
  • glia
  • epidermis
  • pigment cells
30
Q

What are the derivatives of the mesoderm?

A
  • muscle
  • cartilage, bone
  • dermis
  • kidney
  • heart
  • blood
31
Q

What are the derivatives of the endoderm?

A
  • gut
  • lungs
  • associated organs
32
Q

What are the epithelial cells like in the first tissue?

A

structured & tend to be cuboidal. They can migrate but usually come together as a sheet or cluster

33
Q

What are mesenchymal cells like in the first tissue?

A

move easily and are amorphous (no defined shape)

34
Q

What can be said about mesenchymal cells that are held tight together?

A

they have undergone condensation

35
Q

What can epithelial cells turn into?

A

mesenchymal cells (and visa versa)

36
Q

What are the forces that drive cell & tissue rearrangements?

A

cytoskeletal rearrangement occurs as a result of a change in the expression of cell surface proteins (cell adhesion molecules)

37
Q

What are the different types of cytoskeletal rearrangements that can occurs as a result of a change in the expression of cell surface proteins?

A
  • migration
  • localised cell proliferation
  • cell death
38
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The creation of shape

39
Q

What are the stages of embryonic development in a zebrafish?

A

early cleavage –> cleavage –> somitogenesis

40
Q

What do somites form in zebrafish?

A
  • anterior to posterior
  • form on either side of the neural tube
41
Q

What is underneath the neural tube?

A

notochord (precursor of vertebrate)

42
Q

Where & when do somites form?

A

form following gastrulation in the mesoderm

43
Q

Where do mesenchymal cells gather towards the end of gastrulation?

A

dorsally

44
Q

What leads to the segmentation of different structures in the adult?

A

is the result of segmentation during somitogenesis

45
Q

What are the 2 mesodermal progenitors in the somite?

A

Dermomyotome - dermis & skeletal muscles

Sclerotome - vertebrae & ribs

46
Q

How many vertebrae does one somite give rise to?

A

2 halves of a vertebrae

47
Q

How is it that trunk muscles are also segmented?

A

this occurs as we maintain muscle segmentation in an adult

48
Q

What is the neural tube composed of?

A

brain & spinal cord

49
Q

Where does the neural tube arise from?

A

ectoderm

50
Q

What is the name given to the process by which the neural tube is formed?

A

neurulation

Developmental, Stem Cell & Regenerative biology (15 decks)

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