Lecture 2: Types of Malnutrition

Question 1

Overnutrition is caused by what?

Leads to what?

Answer 1

Excess calories, lack exercise

leads to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease

Question 2

“Transition diets” considered as cure for what?

Answer 2

Overnutrition

Question 3

Globally, 90% of all deaths // to chronic disease are already occurring to ______ countries

Answer 3

low to middle income

Question 4

Overnutrition following fetal malnutrition has also been linked to ___________

Answer 4

chronic disease risk in adulthood

Question 5

Define secondary malnutrition

Answer 5

not directly caused by the diet

Question 6

Secondary malnutrition results from what?

Answer 6

From a condition that prevents proper ingestion, digestion or absorption, and metabolism

Often accompanies other types of malnutrition and makes them worse

Question 7

Which form of malnutrition accompanies other types of malnutrition and makes them worse

Answer 7

Secondary malnutrition

Question 8

Causative conditions of Secondary Malnutrition

Answer 8

• loss of appetite
• changes in normal metabolism increasing nutritional requirements (during infection/fever), (HIV/AIDS)
• Prevention of nutrition absorption (diarrheal infection causing changes in intestinal absorptive cells)
• Diversion of nutrients to parasitic agents themselves like: Hookworms, tapeworms,
  schistosome worms
• Malaria –(illness can lead to decrease appetite,
  redirection of energy to fighting illness versus focus
  on absorption of nutrients, affects immunity).
• Anemia, Vitamin A deficiency, and loss of appetite most significant consequences of infestation
• “Environmental enteropathy”
• Small intestinal disorder triggered
  by constant ingestion of feces via
  contaminated food and water
• Results in “leak” of bacteria
  through intestinal walls into blood
  stream
• Results in low-grade infections that
  require large amounts of energy to
  fight
• Leaves fewer nutrients for
  growth

Question 9

“Environmental enteropathy”

Answer 9

• Small intestinal disorder triggered
  by constant ingestion of feces via
  contaminated food and water
• Results in “leak” of bacteria
  through intestinal walls into blood
  stream
• Results in low-grade infections that
  require large amounts of energy to
  fight
• Leaves fewer nutrients for
  growth

Question 10

Prevention of Secondary Malnutrition/Nutrient Diversion

Answer 10

• Sanitary waste disposal and clean water (prevent parasite transmission/diarrhea, hookworms from barefoot on bad coil, roundworm infection from oral-fecal)
• Washing/cooking veggies (eggs stick to veggies)
• Handwashing/cleanliness
• Using toilets > open defecation

Question 11

Causation fo Micronutrient Malnutrition

Answer 11

Deficiencies of: VitA, Iodine, Iron, others (Zn, VitD, Vitc, B’s)

Question 12

Define Protein Calorie Malnutrition aka. “Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)”

Answer 12

An extreme lack of protein and kcal.

Question 13

Rarely have protein deficiency without ______

Answer 13

without calorie deficiency