Lecture 2 - Toxoplasma and Anisakis

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

How does Toxoplasma gondii infect
marine organisms?

Answer 7

1. Cat excretes oocysts:
   for a short period (1 week)
   once in lifespan (KITTEN!) millions of oocysts/day
2. Oocysts in the feces of cats enter the marine environment by coastal wash off and they can accumulate in invertebrates and fish
3. Oocysts remain viable into the marine water most of 24 months (Lindsay et al., 2003, 2004)

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

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Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Order Ascaridida

Answer 12

Question 13

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Question 14

Answer 14

Question 16

How many species of Anisakis exist, and how are they relevant to humans?

Answer 16

Nine species exist, with some involved in zoonotic transmission to humans.

Question 17

what is that?

Answer 17

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

What visual characteristic is typical of Anisakis larvae?

Answer 19

A white spot is characteristic of Anisakis larvae.

Question 20

ANISAKIASIS –in fish

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

1. They can only be distinguished molecularly.
2. Anisakis pegreffii.

Question 22

Anisakis species in FISH in Mediterranean Sea

Answer 22

Answer 23

Question 24

What is the prevalence trend of Anisakis infections in fish along the Adriatic coast?

Answer 24

Prevalence increases as you move southward.

Question 25

Why is immediate evisceration of fish important?

Answer 25

To prevent larvae from migrating post-mortem.

Question 26

What was detected in seabass in 2011, and why is this significant?

Answer 26

Anisakis larvae were found in the muscle, posing a risk to humans who consume this part.

Question 27

Why is farmed Atlantic salmon free of Anisakis infections?

Answer 27

They are fed commercial feed and do not consume invertebrates containing larvae.

Question 28

EFSA scientific opinion on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products (EFSA, 2010)

Answer 28

Question 29

results?

Answer 29

Question 30

What zoonotic risk is associated with farmed fish?

Answer 30

No zoonotic parasites were found, indicating a low risk.

Question 31

What food is especially linked to Anisakis infections in Italy?

Answer 31

Marinated anchovies

Question 32

ANISAKIASIS – symptoms

Answer 32

Question 33

ANISAKIASIS – diagnosis in humans

Answer 33

Question 34

ANISAKIASIS – prevention and control

Answer 34