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Mammalian Final Exam 2016 > Lecture 2: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the nervous system (NS)

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

________ is information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

A

Sensory input

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3
Q

Interpretation of sensory input

A

Integration

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4
Q

_______ is the activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

A

Motor output

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5
Q

The central nervous system consists of the __________ and it’s the integration and ____________

A

Brain and spinal cord; Command center

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of paired _______ that carry messages to and from the CNS

A

Spinal and cranial nerves

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7
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) division

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8
Q

Motor division of the PNS consists of __________ and __________ nervous system

A

Somatic; Autonomic

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system is __________, involving the

conscious control of skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary

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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system is involuntary, regulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Involuntary

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system consists of 2 subdivisions: _________ and __________

A

Sympathetic; Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Two principal cell types of the NS

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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13
Q

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

A

Neurons

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14
Q

Supporting cells of the NS

A

Glial cells (neuroglia)

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15
Q

6 types of glial cells

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oilgodendrocytes, satellite cells, and schwann cells

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16
Q

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oilgodendrocytes are part of the ______________

A

Central nervous system

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17
Q

Satellite cells and schwann cells are part of the _______

A

Peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

Most abundant in the CNS, versatile, and highly branched glial cells

A

Astrocytes

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19
Q

Astrocytes guide ______ of young neurons and control the chemical environment

A

Migration

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20
Q

_________ cells are defensive cells in the CNS; they migrate toward injured neurons and
phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

A

Microglial

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21
Q

________ cells line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

A

Ependymal

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22
Q

________ are branched cells that have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

A

Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

_______ cells surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS

A

Satellite

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24
Q

________ cells surround PNS nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths

A

Schwann

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25
Q

Schwann cells are vital to __________ of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

A

Regeneration

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26
Q

_________ are long-lived (100+ years)

A

Neurons

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27
Q

Neurons have a high metabolic rate—depends on continuous supply of ______ and _______

A

Oxygen; Glucose

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28
Q

Neuronal _________ functions in electrical signaling and cell-to-cell interactions during development

A

Plasma membrane

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29
Q

The _________ is the biosynthetic center of a neuron

A

Cell body

30
Q

The cell body has a well-developed ____________

and a network of neurofibrils (neurofilaments)

A

Golgi apparatus

31
Q

Cone-shaped area from which axon arises

A

Axon hillock

32
Q

Clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei in the CNS, and ______ in the PNS

A

Ganglia

33
Q

Processes consist of _______ and _______

A

Dendrites; Axons

34
Q

Bundles of processes are called tracts in the CNS,

and _______ in the PNS

A

Nerves

35
Q

_________ are the receptive (input) regions of a neuron that convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials

A

Dendrites

36
Q

Axon: Consist of long axons (nerve fibers) and occasional branches called ________

A

Axon collaterals

37
Q

Knoblike axon terminals

A

Synaptic knobs

38
Q

Secretory region of the neuron; release neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit other cells

A

Synaptic knobs

39
Q

The axon is the _________ region of a neuron that generates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) away from the cell body

A

Conducting

40
Q

Molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor molecules in two directions, which are _________ and ___________

A

Anterograde; Retrograde

41
Q

Anterograde

A

Toward axonal terminal

42
Q

Retrograde

A

Toward the cell body

43
Q

Moves material by axoplasmic (cytoplasmic) flow at 0.2–2.5 mm/day

A

Slow axonal transport

44
Q

Moves organelles at rates of up to 400 mm/day

A

Fast axonal transport

45
Q

Forward (or anterograde) transport

A

From cell body to axon terminal

46
Q

Backward (or retrograde) transport

A

From axon terminal to cell body

47
Q

Segmented protein-lipoid sheath around most long or large-diameter axons

A

Myelin sheath

48
Q

The myelin sheath functions to protect and electrically _____ the axon and increase speed of ____________

A

Insulate; Nerve impulse transmission

49
Q

__________ wrap many times around the axon in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

50
Q

Peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm

A

Neurilemma

51
Q

Myelin sheath gaps between adjacent Schwann cells; sites where axon collaterals can emerge

A

Nodes of Ranvier

52
Q

Thin nerve fibers are _______________ in the PNS

A

Unmyelinated

53
Q

One __________ may incompletely enclose 15 or more unmyelinated axons

A

Schwann cell

54
Q

Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by processes of ___________, not the whole cells (like in Schwann cell myelination)

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are present in CNS myelin sheaths, but there is no ________

A

Neurilemma

56
Q

Thinnest fibers are also _______ in the CNS

A

Unmyelinated

57
Q

Dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

White matter

58
Q

Consists mostly of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

59
Q

3 “structural” types of neurons

A

Mulitpolar, Bipolar, Unipolar

60
Q

1 axon and several dendrites; Most abundant; Examples include motor neurons and interneurons

A

Multipolar

61
Q

1 axon and 1 dendrite (2 processes extend from the cell body); Rare; Example - retinal neurons

A

Bipolar

62
Q

Single, short process that has two branches: peripheral and central processes

A

Unipolar

63
Q

3 “functional” types of neurons

A

Sensory, Motor and Interneurons

64
Q

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

65
Q

Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

66
Q

Shuttle signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within the CNS

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

67
Q

Most multipolar neurons are what type of neurons?

A

Interneurons

68
Q

All bipolar neurons are what type of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons

69
Q

Most unipolar neurons are what type of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons

70
Q

Some multipolar neurons are what type of neurons?

A

Motor neurons

Mammalian Final Exam 2016 (3 decks)

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