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Nutrients and Metabolic Health > Lecture 2 - The Hypothalamus Neuropeptides and Central Circuits > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - The Hypothalamus Neuropeptides and Central Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

Obesity a ______ of the brain

A

disease

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2
Q

why is it difficult to lose weight once gained

A

increased body fat alters brain function
long term obesity induces brain re-programming

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3
Q

CNS influences energy balance and body weight by what 3 mechanisms

A

behaviour
ANS activity
Neuroendocrine system

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4
Q

Main CNS centre responsible is the

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

in the hypothalamus lesion of ________ _________ causes obesity

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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6
Q

in the hypothalamus lesion of the ______ ___________ causes leanness

A

lateral hypothalamus

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7
Q

The energy balance of an individual is controlled by ________ _________
- these act to maintain constancy of total body energy stores

A

feedback loops

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8
Q

The energy balance of an individual is controlled by feedback loops
- these act to maintain _______ of total body energy stores

A

constancy

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9
Q

injection of muscimol (GABAa receptor agonist) into VMN, PVN, or DMN stimulates ______

A

feeding

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10
Q

injection of what into VMN, PVN or DMN stimulates feeding

A

muscimol

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11
Q

OPIODS
beta endorphin, dynorphin and long-acting enkephalin analogues injected into DMN, VMN, ARC or PVN stimulates _____ feeding and effects are short lived

A

feeding

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12
Q

MONOAMINES
Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) all _____ food intake. Many anti-obesity drugs developed to act on monoamine system and most suffer with what

A

suppress food intake
most withdraw due to side affects

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13
Q

regulatory peptide molecules can be (neuropeptides)

A

Orexigenic and Anorexigenic

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14
Q

name a few anorexigenic neuropeptides

A

leptin, insulin, alpha MSH, GLP1, TRH, CRH, PYY, CART

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15
Q

name a few oreigenic neuropeptides

A

NPY, MCH, endocannabinoids

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16
Q

NPY is a __ amino acid peptide (number)

A

36

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17
Q

NPY is one of the _____ ______ peptides in the human brain

A

most abundant

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18
Q

where are there significant numbers of NPY

A

ARC and DMN

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19
Q

injection of NPY into hypothalamus potently ______ food intake

A

stimukates

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20
Q

injection of NPY into hypothalamus potently stimulates food intake, reduces energy expenditure and induces _____ enzymes in fat and liver cells

A

lipogenic

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21
Q

repeated administration of NPY to hypothalamus leads to

A

obesity

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22
Q

NPY receptor antagonists or antisera attenuate

A

feeding and weight gain

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23
Q

NPY gene expression is increased during ______ and decreased after _______

A

fasting
feeding

24
Q

NB mice lacking NPY receptor subtypes, Y1, or Y5 are predisposed to mild

A

obesity

25
Q

alpha MSH, a non opiod peptide is encoded by what

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene

26
Q

POMC gene expression is reduced on fasting and increased following attainment of

A

positive energy balance

27
Q

alphaMSH levels are high in the hypothalamus )Arcuate) and this peptide ______ food intake

A

inhibts

28
Q

TWo melanocortin receptor subtypes _____ and ____ are expressed in the brain

A

MC3 and MC4

29
Q

depletion of either MC3 or MC4 receptor produces _____ in mice

A

obesity

30
Q

agouti-related protein (AgRP)
a mutant mouse displaying ectopic expression of protein is ____

A

obese

31
Q

agouti protein induces obesity by antagonising the action of _____ on MC-receptors (MC3 and MC4 rece[ptors in the CNS only

A

alphaMSH

32
Q

expression of AgRP is localised to the ARC where it acts as an ______

A

antagonist

33
Q

expression of AgRP is localised to the ARC where it acts as an antagonist (actually an inverse agonist) to

A

MC3 and MC4 receptors

34
Q

injection (i.c.v) of AgRP causes increased

A

food intake

35
Q

injection (i.c.v) of AgRP causes increased food intake - long lasting compared to

A

NYP

36
Q

AgRP is co-expressed with NPY in ___ neurons (also contain GABA)

A

NPY in ARC neurons

37
Q

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART)
cocaine and amphetamine are _________ and increase CART mRNA

A

anorexigenic and increase CARTV mRNA

38
Q

neuropeptide found throughout CNS including hypothalamic centres ARC, VMN, PVN

A

CART

39
Q

i.c.v application of CART ____ feeding (short lived) and increases locomotor activity

A

inhibits

40
Q

hypothalamic hypoactivity of CART in depression is associated with hyperphagia and

A

weight gain

41
Q

CART is co-expressed with

A

alphaMSH in ARC POMC neurons

42
Q

second order neurons - PVN peptides
The PVN also regulates _________

A

pituitary hormone secretion e.g. (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

43
Q

The PVN also regulates hormone secretion - a good example are Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons that regulate _______ ________ axis

A

pituitary-thyroid axis

44
Q

TRH acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator sub-serves various behavioural functions - including ________ and ___-_____

A

depression and food intake

45
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) a 41aa peptide also synthesised in the PVN which controls what

A

pituitary-adrenocortical system via ACTH secretion

46
Q

CRH in the PVN elicits numerous actions associated with a state of negative energy

A

balance

47
Q

what do magnocellular cells release

A

release oxytocin and vasopressin `

48
Q

what does parvocellular release

A

CRH and TRH

49
Q

Second Order Neurons
Specific LHA neurons are intensely innervated by ARC projections and these project to numerous other

A

CNS centres

50
Q

Second Order Neurons
Two major peptidergic neurons in ___ are important for energy ______

A

LHA are important for energy homeostasis

51
Q

Second Order Neurons
Melanin-concentrating hormone - 19aa central injection _____ food intake

A

increases

52
Q

Second Order Neurons
mice deficient in MCH eat less, are hyperactive and ____

A

lean

53
Q

Second Order Neurons
mice overexpressing MCH are

A

obese

54
Q

Orexins (hypocretins) two peptides derived from single precurose ______A and ______B

A

orexin A and orexin B

55
Q

central injection of either orexin A or orexin B increases what

A

food intake

56
Q

Second Order Neurons
deletion of the orexin gene induces _______ - suggesting ______

A

narcolepsy
system may be more involved in arousal mechanisms

57
Q
A

Nutrients and Metabolic Health (5 decks)

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