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Western Asia > Lecture 2- Sources > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Sources Flashcards

1
Q

Benjamin of Tudela

A
  • 1170 first Euro. study of Mesopotamia

- saw Ninevah outside of Mosul

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2
Q

Paul-Emile Botta

A

• Paul-Émile Botta (Mar 1843-Oct 44)

        o	Found many remains & wall reliefs 
              	Later recognized as Sargon II’s castle, 
                    centre of the “city of Sargon”
        o	Thought he was actually exploring Nineveh
               caused lot of sensation in Euro
              	So British also sent their own (Layard) to 
                   Mosul = started French vs. English 
                  competition
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3
Q

Henry Layard

A

• Austen Henry Layard (Dec 1845 – Jun 47)

o Worked at Nimrud (another site not far from Mosul)
o Discovered NW palace of Ashurnasirpal II, South
palace of Esarhaddon, central palace of Tiglath-
Pileser II- many reliefs found overall

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4
Q

Kuyunjik/Corsova

A
  • Excavated by the Germans

- First systematic arch. at Assur

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5
Q

Site of Telloh

A

Site of Telloh (1870s)

  • Led to the understanding Sumerians - culture, lang,
    his. all the way back to ~2500 BCE
  • Realized the Bible didn’t have memory of this -
    Sumerians already lost to Bible times

o ** This started detaching Meso arch. from Biblical arch.

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6
Q

Tell Ajaja

A
  • by Layard 1850’s
  • Neo-Syrian sculptures and IA monumental sites
  • Led to Syria being an offshoot of Meso.
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7
Q

Halaf

A
  • by the Germans
  • really important because the pottery
    • 6th-5th mil. beyond Bible dating
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8
Q

Karkemis

A
  • Lawrence of Arabia and Wooley

- arch. political and just for the Brit. museum

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9
Q

Robert Koldeway

A
  • Babylon 1899
  • starts second phase of Syrian arch.
  • Look at cuneiform as source instead of Bible
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10
Q

Walter Andrae

A
  • Assur 1903

- scientific approach rather than Bible

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11
Q

Characteristics of Second Phase (Syria)

A

• Consideration of historical problems – to be the
reason they go dig
o Problems raised by epigraphical sources
collected from the First Phase
• Refining excavation techniques
o Good technique affected the amount &
quality of data = so this was important
• Registration of each artefact (not just as art pieces)
• Attention to architectural superimpositions
o Almost like stratigraphy = the sequence of the
architecture was taken into account and
recorded (NOT the actual earth/geological
method)
Wheeler & Kenyon introduce the
geological way, later
Can see in literature this difference b/w
architectural stratigraphy & geological
stratigraphy
• Effective evaluation of context correlations = the
BIGGEST STEP (basis of arch. finds)
o Ex: taking into consideration where a
coin was found (in a home, a garbage pit,
a palace, etc.)

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12
Q

Tell Hariri

A
  • Mari (1930’s)
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13
Q

Ras Shamra

A
  • Ugarit (1930’s)
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14
Q

Al Mina

A
  • by Wooley
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15
Q

Upper Khabur

A
  • by Max Mallowan and Christie
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16
Q

Robert Braidwood

A
  • Uni. of Chicago

- Amuq valley in the 1930’s and 1990s

17
Q

Hama

A
  • by the Danish

- established Syrian chronology

18
Q

Salvage excavations

A
  • started in the 60’s- 80s
  • for the purpose of preservation
  • focus on small sites and settlement distribution
  • proto-Sumerian sites: Habuba Kabira, Jebel Aruda, Tel Qanas
19
Q

First Phase in Anatolia

A
  • focused more on Greek and Roman sites

- Ephesus, Miletus, Pergamum

20
Q

Second Phase in Anatolia

A
  • different than in Syria
    • influenced more by Turkish politics/national identity
    • artifacts need to stay in Turkey
    • Less Biblical/ more scientific
21
Q

Bogazkoy Hattusa

A

(1906-1912) excavation

• Very successful = 10,000 clay tablets, plans of state buildings (royal acropolis at Buyukkale), great temple, city walls w/ 5 gates
• Texts found = written in steel & sephred lang. attested into Armarn docs studied (???)
o Others in Akkadian known in Assyrian &
Babylonian texts
o Found this was the capital of Hatti
o Treaty b/w the king Hattušili III & Rameses II
(dated 21st year of the pharaoh)
• The discoveries showed the Kingdom of Hatti in LBA was equal to Egypt, Assyria, & Babylonia
Kingdom of Hatti (~1400 BCE) had violent end
o From LBA to EIA = chronology started to fall
into place

22
Q

Tel Amarna tablets

A
  • 1888 in Egypt

- showed mid 14th c. BC, king of Hatti made deals with 2 pharaohs

23
Q

Karatepe

A

1947, discovery of bilingual text at Karatepe - helped decipher Hittite hieroglyphs
- Written in both Phoenician & Hittite

24
Q

3 types of texts

A
  • archival
    • admin- could be thrown out after a few years
  • monumental
    • smaller collection but good for reconstruction of
      history
  • Literary (library texts)
    • actually collection of religion, myth stories, local
      traditions
    • ex. library of Ashurbanipal
25
Q

Deeds/Annals of Hattusili I

A
  • First example of analytic texts
    o Records of deeds of the king each year (the wars/victories, etc.)
  • Usually these texts would be “Monumental texts”
    o Inscription on his statue
    o BUT we only have clay tablets - which are 13th c. copies of original from 16th c.
     Preserved in archives over the centuries -so ARCHIVAL, not monumental exactly
26
Q

Development of Cuneiform

A
  • 3300 BCE/ created as a admin tool
  • derived from clay bullae with symbols/ tokens
  • growth of the centralised economy makes tracking of goods necessary so tokens turn into cuneiform
27
Q

Cuneiform and Sumerian Language

A

• Writing was both logograms as well as phonetic pronunciations
o In the beginning = writing didn’t reflect “the
language” exactly – just script of ideas &
things
o BUT later = script distinctly represented
people who SPOKE Sumerian
• Akkadian had their phonetic script, but they also used some Sumerian logograms
o Similar to how we used 1 2 3
• There was change in orientation of script
o Started from top to bottom (right to left) - then
turned to horizontally from left to right
• The stylus also changed

28
Q

Sumerian language

A
  • 3000 -1900
  • Don’t know origin
  • Became like Latin to us
29
Q

Akkadian language

A
  • 2700-100- longest running
  • Eastern Semitic
  • different dialects like Eblaite, Babylonian, Assyrian
  • different phases: Pre-sargonid (Mari), Sargonid (old Akkadian), Ur III Akkadian (Babylonian)
30
Q

Hurrian language

A
  • 2300-1350
  • only lang related to Uratian
    • Most texts of this lang. comes from Hittite archives in Anatolia
    o The archive found at El Armarna (all letters in
    Akkadian) – ONE LETTER IN HURRIAN
     Letter from Mittani king to Amenhotep III
    (~1380 BCE)
31
Q

Examples of Hurrian text

A
  • bronze lion from Urkes (oldest)

- trilingual text from Ugarit (Sumerian, Akkadian, Hurrin)

32
Q

Hittite and other Indo-Euro Languages

A

• Different types of writing:
o Cuneiform – in different languages
 All of them Indo-Euro language found in
Hittite archives
 Also used non Indo-Euro
o Anatolian Hieroglyphs
o Alphabetic scripts (only in 1st. mill)
• Hittite (& Akkadian) = best known languages of NE
o Hittite is Indo-Euro
• Cuneiform was in Anatolia before the Hittites
o Written in Old Assyrian
 Correspondence b/w Assyrian merchants
w/ their homeland
• Many bilingual texts in Hurrian & Hittite
• Cuneiform = Hittite official admin script
o When Hittite fell - cuneiform stopped
o BUT the hieroglyphic script continued

33
Q

Alphabetic languages

A
  • 2nd and 1st mil
    • Mostly Semitic languages
    • Alphabetic script invented in the Levant –
    influenced by Egyptian demotic
    • Anatolian Hieroglyph
    o NOT influenced by Egyptian hieroglyph
    o Writing system was the same as cuneiform,
     A mixed script of logographic & syllabic
    o Created probably by Luwians
    • First alphabet attested from Ugarit
    o Tablet with an abecedary Ugaritic alphabet
    (14th-13th c.)
34
Q

Cuneiform and the Persian Empire

A

** cuneiform so prestigious, Persians adopted it too **

• They created 2 cuneiform types
o To write in Old Persian (language of
Achaemenid dynasty) and Elamite (Old Iranian
language)
• BUT they also use Babylonian & Akkadian
cuneiform

35
Q

Behistun inscription

A
  • trilingual inscription on a relief of Darius (521)
  • in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian w/Babylonian cuneiform
  • helped decifer Akkadian and cuneiform

Western Asia (6 decks)

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