Lecture 2 - Research Design Flashcards
What is a research aim?
• A statement describing the purpose of the study
• A short, concise “catchy” re-statement of the research topic or theme
What is a research question?
• What the study aims to answer after data analysis and interpretation
• Must be specific and concise to provide a clear foundation for the hypotheses
What are the three types of research questions?
• Descriptive
• Comparative
• [UNFINISHED]
Describe and give an example of a descriptive research question
• Present variables to measure or analyse
• “What is the proportion of elite triathletes who take vitamin supplements?”
Describe and give an example of comparative research questions
• Clarifies the difference in an outcome variable between two or more groups
• Compares the effects of variables or interventions
• “Is there a difference between males in females in reaction time?”
• “Is quadriceps power improved more by resistance training or sprint training?”
Describe and give an example of [?] research questions
• Defines trends, associations or interactions between variables
• “Is there a relationship between number of exams and perceived stress levels among undergraduate students?”
What are the two acronyms for criteria for good research questions?
• FINER
• PICOT
What does the FINER acronym stand for?
• Feasible - appropriate number of participants and technical expertise, affordable in time and money, and manageable in scope
• Interesting - getting the answer intrigues the investigator, peers and the community
• Novel - confirms, refutes or extends previous findings (or discovers something new)
• Ethical - consistent with the standards that will lead to ethical approval
• Relevant - to scientific knowledge and/or applied practice
What does the PICOT acronym stand for?
• Population - what specific group are you interested in?
• Intervention - what is the intervention you are investigating (if it’s an intervention study)
• Comparison - what is the alternative to compare with the intervention?
• Outcome - what do you intend to accomplish, measure, improve or affect?
• Time - what is the appropriate follow up time to assess the outcome?
What is a research objective?
• Objectives define specific aims and explain how the overall aim is achieved
• Translates the overall aim into operational statements, tells the reader how the overall aim will be achieved, and may even specify how a variable is measured if this is important
What is a research hypothesis?
A specific, clear and testable statement about the possible outcome of a study
What are the two traditional hypotheses?
• Null hypothesis
• Alternate hypothesis
What are the six types of research hypotheses?
• Simple
• Complex
• Directional
• Non-directional
• Associative
• Causal
What is a simple hypothesis?
It predicts the relationship between a single dependent variable and a single independent variable
What is a complex hypothesis?
Predicts the relationship between multiple dependent and independent variables
What is a directional hypothesis?
Identifies the direction of the relationship between variables
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
Does not specify a direction of effect (intentionally)
What is an associative hypothesis?
Change in one variable is associated with change in another (but may not be causal)
What is a causal hypothesis?
Manipulating the independent variable will change the dependent variable
Why is research design important?
• To provide a framework of methods and techniques
• Enables research to be conducted in a structured way
• Research design tells us “how” a study is conducted
What is the difference between an observational study and an experimental study?
• Observational studies have no intervention whereas experimental studies involve an intervention
• Observational studies provide information on associations between an ‘exposure’ and an ‘event’ or ‘characteristics’ of the population
• Experimental studies allow for the determination of cause and effect if the study is designed appropriately
What are the differences between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
• Cross-sectional studies assess a phenomenon at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess a phenomenon at several points in time
• CS measure different samples/populations whereas longitudinal ensure the same sample/population over time
• CS provides a snapshot of a given point in time, whereas longitudinal provides information on change at an individual level
• CS examines trends and changes at a societal/national/international level whereas longitudinal examines changes in the same people over time
What is retrospective design?
Backwards looking - examine data that already exists
What is prospective design?
Forward looking - collects new data, then sometimes watch/wait