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clinical biochem > lecture 2 - renal function and kidney disease > Flashcards

lecture 2 - renal function and kidney disease Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys
function + definition

A

Function: Production of urine.
Definition: Organs responsible for producing urine.

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2
Q

Ureter
function + definition

A

Function: Transporting urine towards the bladder.
Definition: Tube that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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3
Q

Bladder

A

Definition: A sac that temporarily stores urine.
Function: Temporary storage of urine.

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4
Q

Urethra

A

Definition: A tube that conducts urine to the exterior of the body.
Function: Conducting urine to the exterior.

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5
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A

Function 1: Excretion and elimination of waste and fluids.
Function 2: Regulation of water-salt balance and acid-base balance.
Function 3: Production of hormones.

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6
Q

Basic Kidney Data
Definition: Key quantitative information about kidney function.

A

1.5L excreted per day in adults.
Renal blood flow is 20% of the cardiac output.
Ultrafiltration is 180L/day.
Reabsorption accounts for 99% of the amount filtered.

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7
Q

Homeostasis Function of the Kidneys

A

The role of the kidneys in maintaining stable body contents despite changes in dietary intake and endogenous production rate.

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8
Q

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys
Definition: The hormonal functions of the kidneys.

A

Function 1: Production of erythropoietin.
Function 2: Production of renin.
Function 3: Paracrine and autocrine functions.

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9
Q

Other Kidney Functions

A

Function 1: Catabolism of small peptides.
Function 2: Production of glucose via gluconeogenesis.
Function 3: Elimination of many medications.
Function 4: Aiding in maintaining a healthy blood pressure range.

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10
Q

Renal Threshold
Definition: The concentration in blood beyond which a substance is excreted in urine.

A

Example 1: Renal threshold for glucose is 180mg/dL.
Example 2: Tubular maximum (Tm) for glucose is 350mg/min.

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11
Q

Concept of Balance in the Kidneys

A

Balance Types: Neutral, Positive, Negative.
Definition: The idea of neutral, positive, and negative balance in kidney function.

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12
Q

Nephrons

A

Definition: The functional units of the kidneys.
Features: Scaling the medulla and cortex, producing visible striations in the medulla.

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13
Q

Classes of Nephrons
Definition: Different types of nephrons in the kidney.

A

85%: Cortical nephrons.
Juxtamedullary nephrons.

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14
Q

Regulating Systemic Blood Pressure
Definition: How the kidneys regulate blood pressure.

A

Via: Juxtaglomerular complex.

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15
Q

Three Processes of Urine Formation

A

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

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16
Q

Glomerular Filtration
Definition: The first step of urine formation.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure: Provided by arterial pressure.
Result: Glomerular filtrate.

17
Q

Reabsorption

A

Definition: The process where primary urine becomes concentrated, and low molecular weight constituents are reabsorbed in the proximal and distal tubules.
Reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, ions.

18
Q

Secretion

A

Process: Active transport of various substances.
Definition: The release of substances into the urine via active transport, including H+, K+ ions, urea, creatinine, and drugs.

19
Q

Hormones of the Kidney (Erythropoietin)

A

Definition: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to hypoxia (lack of oxygen).
Function: Regulation of red blood cell production.

20
Q

Hormones of the Kidney (Renin)

A

Definition: Renin, produced by the kidneys, initiates a cascade leading to increased blood pressure and aldosterone production.
Function: Regulation of blood pressure and sodium-potassium balance.

21
Q

Hormones of the Kidney (Calciferol)

A

Definition: Calciferol, a steroid hormone formed in the kidney, is involved in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.
Function: Regulation of calcium and phosphorus levels.

22
Q

Investigation Steps of Renal Disease
Definition: The sequence of steps used in diagnosing renal disease.

A

Personal history, physical examination, blood laboratory findings, urinalysis, assessment of renal function (GFR), imaging, renal biopsy.

23
Q

Assessing Kidney Function (Urine)

A

Definition: Parameters used to assess kidney function based on urine characteristics.
Parameters: Anuria, oliguria, polyuria, urinalysis.

24
Q

Urinalysis

A

Definition: The examination of urine for physical and chemical characteristics, as well as microscopy.
Tests: Color, turbidity, density, pH, presence of blood, albumin, nitrites, erythrocyte and leukocyte levels.

25
Q

Urine Dipstick

A

Definition: A screening tool used to detect various substances in urine.
Use: Screening indicator for proteins, blood, and other substances in urine.

26
Q

Proteinuria

A

Definition: The presence of an elevated level of protein in urine, often indicating a renal problem.
Indication: >150mg protein per day in adults.

27
Q

Types of Proteinuria

A

Types: Prerenal, glomerular, tubular, secretory.

28
Q

Determining Proteinuria

A

Definition: How proteinuria can help diagnose specific kidney issues based on the size of proteins present.
Indicators: Protein size (small, large).

29
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Definition: A measure that reflects the eliminatory functions of the kidneys.

A

Formula: GFR = (Ua * V) / Pa.

30
Q

Creatinine Clearance

A

Definition: A method used to estimate GFR, but with limitations due to factors like age, gender, and bacterial degradation.
Limitations: Variation with sex, age, gender, bacterial degradation.

31
Q

Biomarkers for Measuring GFR

A

Substances like cystatin that can be used as markers to estimate GFR.

32
Q

Acute Kidney Injury

A

Definition: A rapid deterioration in kidney function, often indicated by a sudden increase in serum creatinine levels.
Symptoms: Rapidly elevated serum creatinine, toxic chemical buildup.

33
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Definition: A progressive decline in kidney function over years, initially asymptomatic.
Symptoms: Fatigue, swelling, shortness of breath.

34
Q

Diagnosis of CKD

A

Definition: Indicators of chronic kidney disease including raised serum creatinine, proteinuria, and haematuria
Indicators: Raised serum creatinine, proteinuria, haematuria.

clinical biochem (2 decks)

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