Lecture 2 - PRENATAL GROWTH AND FUNCTONAL DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of prenatal growth

Answer 1

PERIOD OF THE EGG
PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO
PERIOD OF THE FETUS

Question 2

a. Period of the egg includes the which weeks of gestation?

b. Characterized by what?

Answer 2

a. Includes the first two weeks after fertilization.

b. Characterized by rapid cell division in a specific sequence

Question 3

What is the sequence of cell division during the period of the egg

Answer 3

morula -> blastocyst -> implantation into uterine wall -> differentiation of distinct cellular layers

Question 4

a. PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO includes which weeks of gestation?

b. what is it characterized by?

Answer 4

a. weeks 2 through 8

b. Characterized by rapid growth and differentiation of stem cells into specific cells types.

Question 5

Organization of cell types into tissues and (eventually) organs, happens in which stages?

Answer 5

Embryo

Question 6

By the end of the _______ period all basic anatomic and physiologic features are established.

Answer 6

embryonic

Question 7

a. PERIOD OF THE FETUS takes place during which weeks of gestation?
b. How many weeks is normal gestation? What are normal variants of this period?

c. What is period characterized by?

Answer 7

a. Comprises remainder of pregnancy from weeks 9 through 40.
b. 40 weeks of gestation is considered full-term but varies from 38 to 42 weeks commonly
c. rapid growth, changes in proportions, and the functional development of tissues, organs and systems.

Question 8

What are some common fetal motor active observed?

Answer 8

Spontaneous motor activity

Question 9

Spontaneous motor activity in the fetal stage insures what? And what are they a precursor for?

Answer 9

a. Spontaneous motor activity is a part of the normal development of muscles and joints
b. Fetal motor behaviors can also be viewed as precursors to subsequent postnatal movement behaviors.

Question 10

True or false. Primary reflexes, muscle tone, reactivity, motility, and sensorimotor behavior are not specific for each gestational age?

Answer 10

False. They are specific to gestational age

Question 11

Full term infants with a birth weight at the ___ percentile have a relative risk of mortality that is 2.5 times greater than children born with birth weights at the median.

Answer 11

10th

Question 12

An infant with a weight of less than _____ is classified as low birth weight.

Answer 12

2,500 gm. (5lbs 8 oz.)

Question 13

Define: “pre-term” and “small-for-date”.

Answer 13

Pre-term: Born more than 6 weeks pre term: are characterized by physiological immaturity

Small for date: Born at term but lower than 5lbs and 8oz

Question 14

Low birthweight has significance for postnatal growth: increased likelihood of ______during childhood and at maturity and possible deficiencies in_______ and ______.

Answer 14

shorter status
neuromuscular coordination
power

Question 15

Spontaneous abortions are _______ (common/ uncommon) and caused by a wide variety of factors: most commonly ______________________

Answer 15

quite common

gametes that are faulty or incompatible

Question 16

About _______% of all clinically recognized pregnancies end in a miscarriage (loss prior to Week____)

Answer 16

10-25%

week 20

Question 17

The most common cause of a spontaneous abortion is ____________, about ____%.

Answer 17

chromosomal abnormalities; about 50%

Question 18

Congenital malformations simply indicates _______ present at _____.

Answer 18

an abnormal condition

Present at birth

Question 19

True or false. Causal factors of Congenital malformations can be both genetic and environmental. )

Answer 19

True. It does not indicate what it is or why it happened

Question 20

Which period of development is most at risk by a genetic malformation?

Answer 20

The period of the embryo is most critical with respect to genetic malformations.
The alteration of the crucial timing and sequence of the development of tissues, organs and systems can cause serious abnormalities during this period.

Question 21

Meternal exercise during pregnancy is ok and recommend so long as it doesn’t do what?

Answer 21

Impede upon the energy requirements of the fetus and doesn’t involve direct contact or isn’t high impact

Question 22

Moderate physical activity, particularly during the first/last _______months has no negative effect on fetal development.

Answer 22

first 6-7 months