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PHYS_037 ~ The Origins > Lecture #2: Origin of Particles & Fields > Flashcards

Lecture #2: Origin of Particles & Fields Flashcards

1
Q

what is quanta?

A

discreet energy packets emmitted by electromagnetic waves

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2
Q

How can electromagnetic waves be emmited?

A

ONLY in quantized forms known as quanta

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3
Q

What is light’s dual nature?

A

consists of photons (discrete bundles of energy) and behaves like electromagnetic waves

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4
Q

What does an atom consist of?

A

nucleus and electrons moving around nucleus

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5
Q

What particles do the nucleus of atoms contain?

A

protons and neutrons

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6
Q

what do you call protons and neutrons collectively?

A

Baryons

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7
Q

every particle has an associated wave proportional to what?

A

it’s mass! (de broglie wave)

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8
Q

What is a Field?

A

a physical quantity that has a value at each point in space and time filled with energy and momentum.

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9
Q

true or false: field can be considered as collection of particles

A

true

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10
Q

Is the energy in a field quantized?

A

yes.. and the quantization can manifest itself as a particle

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11
Q

How do particles in a field interact?

A
  • emiting a virtual particle that’s absorbed by the other particle
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12
Q

what is a virtual particle?

A

particle w/ extremely short lifetime

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13
Q

How do 2 electrons interact through electromagnetic force?

A

by exchanging a virtual photon and making the other photon responsible for the electromagnetic forces

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14
Q

what do you call a force carrying particles that mediate interactions ?

A

Bosons

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15
Q

what do you call particles that form the matter around us?

A

leptons and quarks

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16
Q

What are the 3 groups particles in nature can be divided into?

A

quarks, leptons, and force carrying particle (bosons)

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17
Q

what are the most fundamental particles?

A

quarks and leptons

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18
Q

how do quarks and leptons interact w/ each other?

A

by exchanging bosons

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19
Q

What 2 forms are matter in?

A

hadrons and leptons

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20
Q

Do hadrons or leptons consist of quarks?

A

hadrons

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21
Q

Depending on the spin of particles, where are they divided into?

A

fermions or bosons

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22
Q

_____ is the bulk of the matter in the universe

A

fermions

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23
Q

what particles keep quarks together?

A

gluons

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24
Q

What colors are quarks assigned?

A

red, blue, and green

25
Q

true or false: quarks are bound together by strong interaction?

A

true

26
Q

What 2 types do leptons consist of?

A

electrons and neutrinos

27
Q

How many forces in nature and what are they?

A

4; gravity, electromagnetism, weak and strong

28
Q

What is Gravity force?

A
  • holds planets and stars together
  • effective at large distances
29
Q

What is electromagnetism force ?

A
  • stronger than gravity
  • depends on particles electric charge
30
Q

What are strong and weak force ?

A
  • operate over short distances of atomic size
  • strong: binds atom nucleus together
  • weak: responsible for nuclear reactions (fission and fusion)
31
Q

how many quarks do protons and neutrons have each?

A

3

32
Q

what type of protons do free neutrons decay to?

A

protons emitting an electron and a neutrino

33
Q

what force mediated by gluon particles keeps neutrons and protons in the nucleus and quarks in neutrons and protons?

A

strong

34
Q

what force meditated by W and Z particles is responsible for decay of particles ?

A

weak

35
Q

what force is mediated by photons?

A

electromagnetic

36
Q

what force is likely mediated by gravitons?

A

gravity

37
Q

what is higgs field?

A
  • fills all of space
  • gives particles properties they have
38
Q

mass of particles are result of what?

A

the interaction of those particles with w/ the higgs field via higgs boson

39
Q

where does the higgs field exist?

A

everywhere

40
Q

quarks ____interacts w/ higgs field gaining relatively large mass.

A

strongly

41
Q

electrons ___interact w/ higgs field and are extremely light

A

slightly

42
Q

photons___interact w/ higgs field and have no mass.

A

do not

43
Q

what does higgs field exert when a particle moves through it?

A

resistance

44
Q

where does inertial mass originate?

A

particles resist against acceleration from higgs field…entity that resists acceleration is the inertial mass of the particle.

45
Q

What would happen to particles if higgs field did not exist?

A

all particles would be massless

46
Q

what is lowest energy level called?

A

vaccum

47
Q

what is spontaneous symmetry breaking?

A

process of the Higgs field assuming a non-zero value throughout space

48
Q

what was the early universe?

A

first seconds of the universe where everything was radiation or energy

49
Q

When energy is converted into matter, what else is formed ?

A

antimatter

50
Q

For a proton-antiproton pair to form, the temperature must be what?

A

more than 1013 K

51
Q

what do matter and antimatter release when they annihilate on contact?

A

energy

52
Q

There must have been an asymmetry in the amount of matter and antimatter formed in order for there to be what?

A

to be predominance of ordinary matter today.

53
Q

radiation creates what 2 things?

A

particles and antiparticles

54
Q

when antiparticles and particles anihlate, what do they create?

A

radiation

55
Q

what is charge-parity violation?

A

Charge (C) and Parity (P) are
two fundamental properties of
particles.

56
Q

What is the charge in charge parity violation?

A

Charge is the same
as the electric charge

57
Q

what does the parity in charge parity violation indicate?

A

Parity indicates the symmetry
of spatial coordinates.

58
Q

If charge parity violation is NOT conserved, then what?

A

a particle and anti-particle have different properties

PHYS_037 ~ The Origins (4 decks)

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