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Animal Physiology > Lecture 2 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

Respond quickly to stimuli but short-lived, using action potentials and neurotransmitters.

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2
Q

Endocrine System

A

Respond slowly but long-lasting, by secreting hormones into the circulatory system that travel to the target tissue.

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3
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord.

Receives sensory input via PNS sensory nerves.

Processes/interprets sensory input (interneurons).

Sends response to effectors (muscles, gland) via motor nerves.

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial and spinal nerves extending from brain and spinal cord.

Connects CNS to entire body.

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Cranial and spinal nerves connecting CNS to heart, stomach, intestine, and gland.

Control unconscious activities.

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Cranial and spinal nerves connecting CNS to skin and skeletal muscle.

Oversees conscious activities.

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7
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases heart rate, bronchiole dilation, blood glucose, blood to skeletal muscle, bladder.

Decreases digestion, pupil size, urinary output.

Fight or flight.

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreases heart rate, bronchiole dilation, blood glucose, blood to skeletal muscle, bladder.

Increases digestion, pupil size, urinary output.

Rest and digest.

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9
Q

Brain

A

Control center of the body

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10
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Most caudal, receives sensory information from the body, sends efferent to muscles and glands.

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11
Q

Medulla (oblongata)

A

Rostral to spinal cord

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12
Q

Pons

A

Integration point from spinal cord, medulla to cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Functions for smooth coordinated movements.

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14
Q

Function of Sensory Cortex?

A

Pain, heat, and other sensations.

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15
Q

Function of Parietal Lobe?

A

Comprehension of language.

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16
Q

Function of Temporal Lobe?

A

Hearing, intellectual and emotional functions.

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17
Q

Function of Occipital Lobe?

A

Primary visual area.

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18
Q

Function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Speech comprehension

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19
Q

Function of Cerebellum?

A

Coordination

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20
Q

Function of Brain stem?

A

Swallowing, breathing, heartbeat, wakefulness center and other involuntary functions.

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21
Q

Function of Frontal Lobe?

A

Smell.

Judgement, foresight, and voluntary movement.

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22
Q

Function of Broca’s Area?

A

Speech

23
Q

Function of Motor Cortex?

A

Movement

24
Q

What nervous system is responsible for homeostasis?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Except for skeletal muscle, innervation to all other organs is supplied by the autonomic nervous system.

25
Q

The sympathetic nervous system comes out of the CNS via _______

A

the thoracic through lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

“thoracolumber”

26
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via ______

A

the cranial nerves and nerves existing the spinal cord at the sacral level.

“craniosacral”

27
Q

Sensory nerves

A

carry messages from body to brain (pain pressure, temperature, etc.)

28
Q

Motor nerves

A

carry messages from brain to body to respond.

29
Q

Neuron

A

Structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

30
Q

Dendrites

A

Fibers that receive messages from other neurons.

31
Q

Cell body (with nucleus)

A

Where signal integration and impulse generation takes place.

32
Q

Axon

A

Fibers that send messages to other neurons.

33
Q

Neurons are _____

A

amitotic; they do not divide. They have a very high metabolic rate.

34
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS.

35
Q

What are the most numerous cell in the CNS?

A

Glial cells.

36
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neuron cells.

37
Q

Messages are sent across the synapses by special chemicals called ______.

A

Neurotransmitters.

38
Q

Multipolar

A

Many processes arising from cell body.

Brain and spinal cord.

39
Q

Bipolar

A

2 processes (1 from each end of cell body)

Ear, eyes, noses

40
Q

Unipolar

A

Single process extends from cell body.

Outside of brain & spinal cord

41
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Have specialized receptor ends that sense stimuli and then carry impulses from peripheral body parts to brain or spinal cord. Can be unipolar or bipolar.

42
Q

Interneurons

A

Lie entirely within the brain or spinal cord.

Direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting.

Multipolar.

43
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors (muscles, glands)

Multipolar.

44
Q

Glial cells

A

Supporting cells of the nervous system.

Make up half the volume of the vertebrate brain and outnumber neurons by 10:1

45
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide support between neurons and capillaries.

46
Q

Microglial cells

A

CNS phagocytic cell, macrophage-like.

47
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS, produce myelin sheaths in CNS.

48
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line cavities in CNS, produce and help circulate CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

49
Q

Schwann cells

A

Create the myelin sheaths in PNS.

50
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covering of lipid material often found on axons, insulates axons and speeds nerve impulse transmission.

Produced in the CNS by oligodendrocytes, in the PNS by schwann cells.

51
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between schwann cells, important in nerve impulse conduction.

52
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

contain many filaments, found in white matter, help maintain structural integrity of the brain.

53
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

found in grey matter & have granular cytoplasm.

54
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Myelin sheaths permit for faster nerve impulse transmission

Animal Physiology (10 decks)

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