Lecture 2 - Land struggles in Brazil Flashcards
Kings north 2003
‘Land - what it produces, who lives on it, how it is organised, how it is owned, the cultures that spring from it - is one of the fundamental pillars of human society’
Ballad of Mato Grosso musicians
‘All the land belongs to the rich,
Who have it all signed and sealed,
And the poor have lots their rights,
To all but the grave.
What’s local agenda 21?
LA21–> ‘bottom-up’ local empowerment - teaching people how to be sustainable individuals.
Importance of land access in Brazil
Economic - means of production - relying on the land
Social justice - inequality
Ecology - fertility of the soils
Culture & identity - how we humans use the land
Landless —> destitution
Vs.
Landed —> future orientation / hope
Land ownership in Brazil is very unequal…
How much % of population owns 90% land?
20% of population own 90% of the land
How much land do the poorer people have?
Small holdings (less than 10 hectares) makes up half of the holdings in Brazil…. BUT only 2% of Land .. they have land but not enough.
What are Minifundos?
Small holdings
Used by families to make a living from the land
Selling produce themselves in the local market
What are Latifundos?
Plantation estates (large)
Cattle ranches
Haciendas -state houses from colonial period
Global markets / cash crops
A big exporting country - sugar, soya, coffee, cotton
90% of the large holdings (1000+ ha) are uncultivated (not used substantial amounts)
Why?
Absentee owners - living in cities in Brazil or other countries
Foreign ownership - people buy land for the sake of it / inherited
Landowners are politically powerful because they all stick together. What does the government do about it?
They’re avoiding land reform as they’re reluctant to deal with the land owners.
Instead they give money to local people to move to Amazonia (Amazon basin rainforest) to own land there.
What’s the problem with governments sending local people to the Amazon basin with money to live there?
Poor infrastructure and support Rapid land degradation Land battles Displacement by cattle ranchers Conflict with rubber tappers & native people already living there
When did Brazil return to democracy?
1985
Land concentration and idleness increased after Brazil returning to democracy… why?
Agricultural markets liberalised -> cheap food imports - locals couldn’t compete with the cheap prices at the markets
Just 2% producers benefited from exports
Huge decline in small farms
Migration to urban slums - flavelos
What’s the MST?
Landless workers movement
Founded in 1984
1.5 million informal members across 24/26 states of Brazil
What does the MST say?
The organization maintains that it is legally justified in occupying unproductive land, pointing to the most recent Constitution of Brazil (1988), which contains a passage saying that land should fulfill a social function (Article 5, XXIII).
How many families has the MST settled?
350,000+ families
How do they carry out their tasks?
Highly organised and disciplined… find places where there’s land issues then sort it out in a civilised manner.
The MST adopted a model of ‘cutting the wire’
What are the 3 stages?
Occupy
Resist
Produce
The land Passover is a long process - up to a few years due to…
Legitimation sought by government land reform body - have to prove that you want to use the land
Focus on idle land or land under export crops
(Idle land - land that’s not used or used at a very low rate)
(MST) settlements emphasise:
Cooperative production - organic - more money at markets
Education and health services - not just land - about building a community - gender equality - schools - healthcare
Environment - they must recognise the eco-system - don’t over cultivate and think about the animals living there
Widespread national support for the MST
77% support for MST
85% approve occupations
Social media helps to publicly legitimise it and helps with security
International support networks
Wittman 2005 - processes of emplacement
Occupation: individuals to imagined community (individuals coming together)
Camp: imagined community to collectivity (schools / services)
Settlement: collectivity to place-based community (new village - community and land ownership is legitimate)
Hoffman & Fox, 2017
‘We have to construct our lines in the encampments as if we are already building our settlements. We have to set up more permanent housing. We have to grow food. We have to form cooperatives in the encampments, even though the land is not permitted for settlement, it’s another way of doing things and we need to prepare ourselves for the difficult time ahead’
