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Anatomy Renal > Lecture 2 - Kidney, suprarenal gland, ureter, bladder > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Kidney, suprarenal gland, ureter, bladder Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  1. ) kidneys
  2. ) ureters
  3. ) Urinary bladder
  4. ) Urethra
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2
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Urine secretion

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3
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Ducts collect and transfer urine tot he urinary bladder

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4
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Retains and stores urine

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5
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Discharges urine from the body

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6
Q

What is urine and what does it consist of?

A

yellowish watery fluid that contains nitrogen compounds like urea and other waste substances from the blood by the kidneys. Urine secretion is one of the body’s chief mechanisms of eliminating excess water and salt.

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7
Q

What does the upper urinary tract consist of?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
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8
Q

What does the lower urinary tract consist of?

A
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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9
Q

What is a urinary tract infection?

A

Defined as an infection to any part of the urinary system. Most infections are in the lower urinary tract.

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10
Q

Where can the pain be referred in an Upper UTI?

A

from the loin to the groin.

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11
Q

What causes an upper UTI?

A

block of urine flow or an infection in the upper UT.

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12
Q

The kidneys are paired ……peritoneal organs

A

retroperitoneal

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13
Q

The kidneys are located where and protected by what?

A

Located lateral to the T12-L3 vertebrae and protected by the 11th and 12th rib. (posteriorly)

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14
Q

What is the kidney surrounded by?

A

Perirenal fat

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15
Q

How much does the kidney move during respiration ?

A

3 cm

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16
Q

Kidney function acronym?

A

A WET BED

maintaining Acid-bace balance
maintaining Water balance
maintaining Electrolyte balance
removal of Toxins
Blood pressure control - renin
Erythropoietin production

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17
Q

What is perirenal fat and where is it?

A

surrounds the kidney and is contained within the anterior and posterior renal fascial layers.

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18
Q

perirenal fat is continuous with ?

A

fat found in the renal sinus

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19
Q

The perirenal fat is …..peritoneal

A

extraperitoneal (not related to peritoneum)

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20
Q

What is pararenal fat and where is it?

A

it is external to the posterior layer of the renal fascia. It is associated with the lumbar region

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21
Q

The pararenal fat is …..peritoneal

A

extra

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22
Q

What are the kinds of renal fascial layers?

A
  1. ) anterior renal fascia called Gerota’s fascia
  2. ) posterior renal fascia called Zuckerandl’s fascia
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23
Q

Gerota’s fascia fuses laterally with?

A

posterior renal fascia

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24
Q

Where is gerota’s fascia ?

A

Posterior and parallel to the parietal peritoneum.

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25
Q

Where is zuckerandl’s fascia ?

A

it is posterior to the kidneys and posterior to the perirenal fat and anterior to the para renal fat.

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26
Q

zuckerandl’s fascia fuses laterally with?

A

anterior renal fascia

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27
Q

What do collagen bundles do in the renal system?

A

They come from the fascia and they help keep the renal fat and kidneys in position.

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28
Q

What are the anterior surface relationships of the kidney?

A
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29
Q

What is the difference between the right annd left kidney in regards to their location to the IVC and aorta and how the branches of the renal vessels affects this?

A

The right kidney is clsoer to the IVC so it has a shorter renal vein but a longer renal artery that goes under the IVC.

The left kidney is closer to the aorta so it has a longer renal vein that goes under the superior mesenteric artery but it has a shorter renal artery.

30
Q

What are the posterior surface relationships of the kidney?

A
31
Q

The kidneys are protected by what ribs?

A

Left : 10th, 11th, and 12th

Right: 11th, and 12th

32
Q

What is the difference in the way the gonadal veins drain into the IVC?

A

left gonadal - left renal - IVC

Right gonadal - IVC

33
Q

What is in the renal helum ?

A
34
Q

What is the renal capsule ?

A

Fibrous covering of the kidney but it is not the renal fascia

35
Q

What is the renal hilum?

A

Vertical cleft and the only rentrance in and out the kidney

36
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

The space within a kidney

37
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

recieves 2-3 major calices

38
Q

What is a major calice?

A

It recieves 2-3 minor calices

39
Q

What is a renal papilla?

A

it projects into each minor calyx and provides an exit for urine excretion from the apex of the renal pyramid.

40
Q

What are these structures?

A
41
Q

What are the supra renal glands attached to?

A

Attached to the crura of the diaphragm

42
Q

Whatt aer the suprarenal cortex and medulla derived from and what do they produce?

A

cortex - derived from mesoderm and they produce corticosteroids

Medulla - derived from neural crest cells and produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

43
Q

Shape of the suprarenal glands?

A

right - triangular

left - semilunar

44
Q

what is the arterial supply to the suprarenal gland?

A

Suprarenal arteries:

Superior - comes from the inferior phrenic artery

middle - comees from the abdominal aorta

inferior - comes from the rrenal artery

45
Q

What is the venous drainage of the suprarrenal gland?

A

Suprarenal veins:

right drains directly into teh IVC

left drains into the inferiror phenic then the left renal vein which goes to the IVC.

46
Q

What is the arterial supply to the kidney?

A
  1. ) renal artery
  2. ) segmental artery
  3. ) interlobar
  4. )Arcuate artery
47
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidney?

A
  1. ) venous vasa recta
  2. ) interlobular vein
  3. ) Arcuate vein
  4. ) interlobar vein
  5. ) segmental vein
  6. ) renal vein
  7. ) IVC
48
Q

What are ureters?

A

Muscular peristaltic ducts that are 25-30 cm

49
Q

Where do ureters come from?

A

They are narrow and they descend from the renal pelvis retroperitoneally on the medial aspect of psoas mahor to enter the urinary bladder

50
Q

What is the arterial supply to the ureters?

A
  • Descending branches via the renal and gonadal arteries
  • ascending branches via the internal illiac artery
51
Q

What are the common sites of constriction in the ureter?

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction at L2
  • crossing anteriorly over the external iliac artery at the pelvic brim
  • entrance to the bladder also known as the ureterovesical junction
52
Q

What are the posterior relations of the ureter?

A

Psoas, genitofemoral nerve, sacroiliac joint, common iliac bifurcation

53
Q

What are the anterior relations of the ureter?

A

Right side - duodenum, right gonadal artery, right colic artery, ileal mesentry, supeiror mesenteric artery

left side - left gonadal artery, left colic artery, sigmoid mesentery

54
Q

What does the ureter pass under?

A

VAS (in males) and the uterine artery (females)

55
Q

What is the blood supply to the ureter?

A
  • Rernal, gonadal, vesical arteries
  • smaller branches from aorta, common iliac, and vaginal arteries
56
Q

What nerves innervate the ureter?

A

General visceral afferents for pain and sympathetic for vasoconstriction only.

57
Q

What is the most superficial strucutre of teh pelvis?

A

ureter

58
Q

lymphatic drainage of the suprarenal glands?

A
  • lymphatic vessels follow the suprarenal veins
  • drain into lumbar lymph nodes
59
Q

lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A
  • renal lymphatic vessels follow the renal veins
  • drain into the lumbar lymph nodes
60
Q

lymphatic drainage of the ureters?

A

Ureteric lymphatic vessels drain towards different groups of lymph nodes depending on if it is proximal or distal

proximal - drain into lumbar lymph nodes

distal - drain into the common/internal/external iliac lymph nodes

61
Q

Where is the bladderandwhat is it?

A

a hollow and muscular organ situated in the naterior pelvis under the peritoneum. It is never fully empty in real life.

62
Q

The bladder is surrounded by ……

A

extraperitoneal fibrous tissue

63
Q

What are the parts of the bladder ?

A
  1. ) Apex (posterior to teh pubic symphisis)
  2. ) Base (posteriorly)
  3. ) Sueprior aspect
  4. ) Two infralateral surfaces
64
Q

Why is it important that the apex is posterior to the pubic symphisis?

A

because if you cant catherise someone than u can put tube into bladder by looking for pubic symphisis.

65
Q

How does the ureter enter and leave the bladder?

A

2 ureter enter at the posterolateral angles of the base of the bladder adn leave as a single urethra.

66
Q

Function of the internal sphincter of the urethra?

A

male - arranged in a circular manner and under sympathetic control at the neck of the bladder which prevents retrograde ejaculation (means that semen does not enter the bladder)

women - arranged in a longitudinal manner and not under sympathetic control at the bladder neck. This means that women have a weaker intenral urethral sphincter. Women have a higher level of urinary incompetance especially after child birth.

67
Q

what ligaments keep the bladder stable?

A

female - pubovesical ligament which is from pubis to bladder and is more mobile

male - puboprostatic ligament which is from the pubis to the prostate

68
Q

What does the interior of the bladder consist of?

A

It consists of rugose except for onepart which is smooth called the trigone

69
Q

What is the trigone bounded by?

A

Three aperatures:

Left ureter

right ureterr

urethra

70
Q

What is the difference betwene the male and female urethra?

A

Male urethra longer so the female urethra is more at risk of infections since it is exposed more to the external environment.

Anatomy Renal (2 decks)

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