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VMCVM BacT > Lecture 2: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How do we classify bacteria?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Biochemical Reactions
  3. Serology
  4. Nucleic Acid Profiles
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2
Q

Spherical organisms

A

Cocci

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3
Q

Rod-shaped organisms

A

Rod or Bacillus

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4
Q

Organisms in chains

A

Strep

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5
Q

Organisms in clusters

A

Staph

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6
Q

Club-shaped organisms

A

Diptherioid

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7
Q

Are Gram stains good for cytology?

A

NO, good for identifying Gram +/- bacteria and presence/absence of other cells, not what type

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8
Q

What color are G+ bacteria?

A

PURPLE

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9
Q

What color are G - bacteria?

A

RED

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10
Q

What color are mycobacteria?

A

clear/white

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11
Q

Why is the capsule/slime layer important?

A

Anti-phagocytic! Also, helps adherence and longevity in environment

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12
Q

Are capsules antigenically diverse?

A

YES, hard to mount Humoral Immune response

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13
Q

How is the Cell Wall important?

A

20% of dry weight of bacteria

Helps determine what kind of bacteria (ie: Gram Stain)

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14
Q

Describe Gram Staining Method:

A
  1. Fixation with heat
  2. stain with crystal violet - enters organisms cell wall
  3. Rinse
  4. Iodine mordant - binds CV and makes larger complex
  5. Rinse
  6. De-colorize w/ 95% ethanol - dehydrates G+ cell wall, trapping I-CV complex OR washes awayI-CV complex and cell wall of G-
  7. Counter stain w/ Safranin stain - G- bacteria uptake and stain Red/Pink
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15
Q

What is the order of efficacy of detergents against bacteria?

A

Efficacy greatest for G+ > G- > AF (acid fast)

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16
Q

List characteristics of G+ Bacteria and how different from others.

A
  • Thicker cell wall of peptidoglycan
  • peptidoglycan dessicates upon declorization (ethanol)
  • more resistant to MECHANICAL damage
  • Peptidoglycan is target of antimicrobials and LYSOZYME
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17
Q

List characteristics of G- Bacteria and how different from others.

A
  • LPS is MAJOR Virulence Factor!!
  • They have Porins
  • less peptidoglycan
  • more resistant to DETERGENTS
18
Q

List characteristics of Acid Fast Bacteria and how different from others.

A
  • Cell envelope contains: MYCOLIC ACID, glycolipids and polypeptides
  • difficult to stain (won’t take up stain)
  • intense cell envelope allows them to survive well in the environment
  • cell envelope allows INTRACELLULAR survival (difficult to kill, can often result in chronicity)
  • antibiotics target this CELLULAR ENVELOPE
19
Q

What are FLAGELLA important for?

A

Motility

20
Q

What are FIMBRIAE/PILI important for?

A

Adherence

21
Q

What are SPORES important for?

A

Long Term Survival and Physical Resistance

22
Q

What are BIOFILMS important for?

A

Allows Bacteria to attach to each other

  • aiding in colonization
  • avoid phagocytosis
  • avoid antibiotics
  • allows “quorom sensing” – bacteria act as a single organism
23
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

On an agar plate, a SINGLE COLONY is the clonal expansion of a SINGLE BACTERIUM

  • SMALL colonies = slow growing
  • LARGE colonies = fast growing
24
Q

In general, is an organism that divides more rapidly more virulent than the alternative?

A

NO.

25
Q

What is the optimal pH for bacterial growth?

A

Neutral to alkaline

26
Q

What is the optimal tonicity (osmotic balance) for bacterial growth?

A

Isotonic to hypOtonic

27
Q

What is the optimal Temperature for bacterial growth?

A

Our body temperature = 98.6˚F

  • most can grow 68-113˚F
  • Listeria grow in COLD temperatures (39˚F)
28
Q

What kind of environment do strict/obligate aerobes require?

A

Oxygen present

29
Q

What kind of environment do strict/obligate anaerobes require?

A

NO oxygen

30
Q

What kind of environment to Facultative Anaerobes (FA) require?

A

Can grow with or without oxygen

31
Q

What kind of environment do microaerophiles require?

A

Require Reduced Oxygen (

32
Q

Where in your body are anaerobic conditions?

A

ORAL CAVITY and INTESTINES:
- Mucus, Facultative Anaerobes, Anaerobes, Healthy Tissue

Also, areas of NECROSIS

33
Q

Identify the Genetic Elements of bacteria.

A

Bacterial Genome (haploid, circular chromosome, double stranded DNA)

Plasmid (Small circular DNA, autonomous replication)

Bacteriophage (Virus that infect bacteria and insert DNA)

34
Q

What Genetic Element(s) of bacteria may encode virulence, toxins, or antibacterial resistance?

A

PLASMIDs and BacterioPHAGES

35
Q

With respect to genotypic variation of bacteria, what is a MUTATION?

A

Change in chromosomal DNA

36
Q

With respect to genotypic variation of bacteria, what is a RECOMBINATION?

A

Exchange of DNA between bacteria

37
Q

With respect to genotypic variation of bacteria, what is a TRANSPOSITION?

A

Relocation of PARTS of DNA in the genome mediated by transposable elements

38
Q

With respect to RECOMBINATION, what is TRANSDUCTION?

A

Phage-mediated transfer

39
Q

With respect to RECOMBINATION, what is CONJUGATION?

A

Plasmid mediated transfer

40
Q

With respect to RECOMBINATION, what is TRANSFORMATION?

A

Uptake of naked segment of DNA

41
Q

What is mostly responsible for genetic variation of bacteria?

A

Recombination via CONJUGATION

42
Q

What antimicorbials target the peptioglycan in the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Beta-Lactams

VMCVM BacT (3 decks)

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