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MHS1102 - Anatomy and physiology 2 > lecture 2 - Integumentary system > Flashcards

lecture 2 - Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A
  1. resistance to trauma
  2. H2O barrier
  3. vitamin D synthesis
  4. sensation
  5. non-verbal communication
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2
Q

what are the 3 main layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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3
Q

epidermis

A

outer, stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

dermis

A

deeper, connective tissue layer

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5
Q

hypodermis

A

deep connective tissue below dermis

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6
Q

keratin-protein

A

cells at skin surface containing tough keratin protein

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7
Q

what is the main cell type of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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8
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane

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9
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions

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10
Q

stratum granulosum

A

three to five layers of flat keratinocytes

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11
Q

stratum lucidum

A

keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin

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12
Q

stratum corneum

A

several layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells

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13
Q

function of stratum corneum

A

resists abrasion, penetration, water loss

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14
Q

stem cells

A
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15
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes

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16
Q

keratinocytes function

A

synthesise keratin

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17
Q

melanocytes function

A

synthesise melanin - shields DNA from UV radiation

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18
Q

dendritic cell function

A

guard against pathogens

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19
Q

tactile cells

A

touch receptors cells associated with dermal nerve fibres

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20
Q

ichthyosis

A

genetically inherited disorder which results in the build up of dead cells around the body

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21
Q

eczema

A

chronic, inherited, inflammatory skin condition which results in dry, itching and reddened skin

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22
Q

exfoliative shedding

A

excessive shedding of skin

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23
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue layer beneath epidermis

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24
Q

dermal papillae

A

upward, finger-like extensions of dermis

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25
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward waves of epidermis

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26
Q

papillary layer of epidermis

A

thin areolar tissue in and near dermal papilla

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27
Q

function of papillary layer

A

allow mobility of leukocytes and other defence cells

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28
Q

reticular layer of papillary layer

A

dense, irregular connective tissue

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29
Q

functions of subcutaneous fat

A

energy reservoir, thermal insulation

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30
Q

what causes different skin tones

A

the proportion of melanin granules throughout the skin ( dermis)

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31
Q

cyanosis

A

blueness due to oxygen deficiency

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32
Q

albinism

A

pale skin and blue-gray eyes due to genetic lack of melanin synthesising enzyme

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33
Q

erythema

A

redness due to increased blood flow to the skin

34
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing due to bilirubin in blood

35
Q

hair

A

slender filaments of keratinised cells growing from follicle in skin

36
Q

hair bulb

A

swelling at the base of the hair follicle where hair originates in dermis

37
Q

hair root

A

the remainder of the hair in the follicle

38
Q

hair shaft

A

the proportion above the skin surface

39
Q

hair matrix

A

region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla

40
Q

dermal papilla

A

bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb

41
Q

hair receptors

A

sensory nerve fibres entwining follicles

42
Q

piloerector muscle

A

smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis

43
Q

function of piloerector muscle

A

make hair stand up on end

44
Q

alopecia

A

thinning of the hair or baldness

45
Q

pattern baldness

A

hair lost from select regions

46
Q

hirsutism

A

excess hair in areas that are not usually hairy

47
Q

fingernails

A

clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum

48
Q

functions of fingernails and toenails

A
  1. assist with grooming, picking apart food, other manipulations,
  2. provide counterforce to enhance sensitivity of fleshy fingertips to tiny objects
49
Q

what are fingernails composed of

A

thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin

50
Q

nail plate

A

hard part of the nail

51
Q

nail body

A

visible attached part of nail

52
Q

nail root

A

extended section of nail underlying skin

53
Q

nail fold

A

surrounding skin rising above nail

54
Q

nail groove

A

separates nail fold from nail plate

55
Q

nail bed

A

skin underlying the nail plate

56
Q

hyponychium

A

epidermis of nail bed

57
Q

nail matrix

A

growth zone of stratum basale at proximal end of nail

58
Q

lunule

A

opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix

59
Q

location of apocrine sweat glands

A

groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard area in men

60
Q

eponychium ( cuticle)

A

narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail

61
Q

bromhidrosis

A

body odour produced by bacterial action on sweat from apocrine glands

62
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system

63
Q

sweat

A

protein free filtrate of blood plasma produced by deep secretory portion of gland

64
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating with wetness of the skin

65
Q

insensible perspiration

A

sweating with no wetness of the skin

66
Q

sebaceous glands

A

flask shaped glands that have short duct openings into hair follicles

67
Q

sebum

A

oily secretion of sebaceous glands

68
Q

lanolin

A

sheep sebum

69
Q

function of sebum

A

keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle and cracked

70
Q

mammary glands

A

milk-producing glands

71
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

lesion is small, shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges

72
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

raised, reddened, scaly appearance later forming concave ulcer

73
Q

melanoma

A

black spot with dark purple middle and bubbled

74
Q

debridement

A

removal of eschar

75
Q

first-degree burns

A

burn to the epidermis

76
Q

second-degree burns

A

partial-thickness burn; involves part of dermis

77
Q

heal time of 1st degree burn

A

days

78
Q

heal time of 2nd degree burns

A

2 weeks to several months

79
Q

third-degree burns

A

full thickness burn; involve epidermis, dermis and often some deeper tissues

80
Q

stages in the healing of a skin wound

A
  1. blood clot forms
  2. form scab that temporarily seals wound and blocks infection
  3. macrophages phagocytise and digest tissue debris
  4. new capillaries sprout from nearby vessels
  5. deeper portions of clot become infiltrated by capillaries and fibroblasts
  6. transforms into soft mass called granulation tissue
  7. macrophage remove blood clot
  8. fibroblasts deposit new collagen
  9. epithelial cells multiply and migrate beneath scab
  10. underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis
  11. scar tissue may or may not show through epithelium

MHS1102 - Anatomy and physiology 2 (3 decks)

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