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Immunology > Lecture 2: innate and adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 2: innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis and killing of pathogen?

A

Pathogen recognition Zipping of membrane around microbe Ingestion of microbe Fusion of phagosome with lysosome Phagocyte Activation Killing of microbe

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2
Q

What are the cytokines for macrophage and NK Cell Activation?

A

IL 12 and IFN Gamma

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3
Q

What are the cytokine for inflammatory induction?

A

TNF, IL1 and chemokines

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4
Q

What are the cytokines for antiviral effects?

A

IFN type I IFN alpha IFN beta

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5
Q

What are the cytokines for differentiation of T cell subpopulation?

A

IL-12

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6
Q

What are the order of events in an infection?

A

Entry of pathogen Recognition of the pathogen Phagocytosis and killing of a pathogen Inflammation induction Attraction of cells to infection site Initiation of adaptive immunity

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7
Q

What are the 3 signals between T cells and DC ?

A

1) MHC-TCR 2) CD80/86-CD28 3) IL-12

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8
Q

What is the role of innate immunity in stimulation of adaptive immune response?

A

1) pathogen or Extracellular Antigen is phagocytised by APC and placed in a vesicle. Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens 2) the antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter vesicles 3) the MHC proteins now carrying antigens are released from vesicles and travel to the outer surface of cell membrane 4) the dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with MHC proteins

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9
Q

What are key players of Adaptive immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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10
Q

What are the features of adaptive immunity?

A

Specificity Diversity Memory Clonal expansion Specialisation Contraction and homeostasis Non-reactivity to self

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11
Q

What is specificity?

A

Ensures distinct antigen elicit specific responses

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12
Q

What is diversity?

A

Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens

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13
Q

What is Memory?

A

Leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures of the same antigens

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14
Q

What is clonal expansionV

A

Increases number of antigen-Specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbes

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15
Q

What is Specialisation?

A

Generates responses that are optimal for defence against different types of microbes

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16
Q

What is Contraction and homeostasis?

A

Allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens

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17
Q

What is non-reactivity to self?

A

Prevents injury to host during responses to foreign antigens

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18
Q

How is variability of antigen recognition produced?

A

Combination of gene segments during lymphocyte development

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19
Q

What are the types of Adaptive Immunity?

A
  1. Antibody mediated immunity (humoral) - B lymphocytes 2. Cell mediated immunity (cellular) - T lymphocytes
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20
Q

What are the lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymph node, spleen, blood, lymph

21
Q

What are T cells?

A

Immune response to infected cells Viruses, bacteria, parasites Defence against cancer and transplant rejection

22
Q

Helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines Help B cells Tc cells to divide

23
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill infected cells

24
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remain in body

25
Q

Where are class I MHC proteins found?

A

Virtually on all body cells

26
Q

Where are class II MHC proteins found?

A

Certain cells in immune response

27
Q

What are the Antigen-presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells

28
Q

What does Helper T cells (TH) CD4 do?

A

Stimulate proliferation of other T cells Stimulate B cells that have already become bound to antigen

29
Q

Cell- mediated immunity

A

Attack on infected cells

30
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Secretion of Antibodies by plasma cells

31
Q

What does cytotoxic T cells (Tc) CD8 do?

A

Destroy infected cells by binding target cell and secreting perforin and granzymes B proteins - puncture cell membrane of infected cell and induce apoptosis/lysis

32
Q

What does humoral immunity target?

A

Extracellular microorganisms (bacteria and viruses circulating in the blood)

33
Q

What does the B cell activation require?

A

Helper T cells

34
Q

What is the nature of Antibodies?

A

Globular proteins (immunoglobulins) 4 polypeptide chains (2 identical light chains and heavy chains) Variable and Constant regions

35
Q

IgM

A

1st response to antigen (can’t cross the placenta)

36
Q

IgG

A

Most common - crosses placenta (passive immunity to fetus)

37
Q

IgA

A

Secreted from mucus membrane in colostrum

38
Q

IgD

A

B cell activation (can’t cross placenta)

39
Q

IgE

A

Histamine reactions and allergies (mast cells, basophils)

40
Q

What is the role of Antibodies?

A

Agglutination Complement activation Opsonisation Neutralisation Enhanced NK Cell activity

41
Q

Neutralisation

A

Antibodies block the activity of a pathogen

42
Q

Agglutination

A

Multiple pathogens are aggregated by antibody molecule

43
Q

Opsonisation

A

Pathogens bound by antibodies are more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes

44
Q

Complement activation

A

Antibodies bound to pathogen activate the complement cascade, resulting in lysis of cell

45
Q

Enhanced NK Cell activity

A

Abnormal body cells that are bound by antibodies are recognised by NK cells and are subsequently lysis

46
Q

What are the principal mechanisms of defence against microbes

A

Antibodies, phagocytes and T cells

47
Q

What is adaptive immunity stimulated by?

A

Exposure to microbe, more potent

48
Q

What are CD nomenclature?

A

Structurally defined leukocyte surface molecule that is expressed in cells of a particular lineage and recognised by a group of monoclonal antibodies called “cluster of differentiation”

Immunology (20 decks)

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