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Neural Basis > Lecture 2- History, Approaches, & Methods + Neuroanatomy Primer > Flashcards

Lecture 2- History, Approaches, & Methods + Neuroanatomy Primer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major operations that CNS neurons are engaged in?

A

1.Reception / registration of sensory stimuli
2. Planning execution of complex motor acts
3. Intermediate processing (cognition)

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2
Q

Cerebral hemispheres can be divided into 4 major zones:

A
  1. Primary sensory; Sensory processing from environment
  2. Primary motor: motor control
  3. Limbic /Paralimbic: emotion, motivation, memory formation
  4. Association Cortex: Integrates various sensory modalities and higher cognitive functions
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3
Q

What is CSF? What does it do? Where is it stored/produced?

A

Fluid surrounding brain and spine
-cushion the brain and spinal cord, provide nutrients, and remove waste products.
CSF is produced/stored in the ventricles

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4
Q

What is the meninges? What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

The protective sheath surrounding the brain and spinal cord
1. Dura Matter
2. Arachnoid layer
3. Pia Matter

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5
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges due to viral or bacterial infection

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6
Q

What are the four eras of investigation and progress mentioned in historical perspectives on brain and behavior?

A

Egyptians, Ancient Greece, the Renaissance, and the 19th century.

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7
Q

What are two types of tissue and their function?

A
  1. Grey Matter: Primarily cell bodes, facilitates local communication between cells
  2. White Matter: Primarily myelinated axons; transmit signals over longer distances
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8
Q

What are gyri vs sulci?

A

Gyri: A series of bumps or ridges of cortex containing neurons; maximizes surface of brain.

Sulci: A series of in foldings or cervices between gyri; deep sulci are called fissures

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9
Q

What are the three major fissures in the brain , and what do they separate?

A
  1. Central fissure/sulcus: the frontal and parietal lobes
  2. Lateral Fissure: temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
  3. Longitude Fissure: separates the two cerebral hemispheres
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10
Q

What was the ancient Egyptian view on the center of mental life? What view did they have of the brain?

A

Held cardiocentric view, believing the heart and diaphragm were the seat of mental life.
- Brain was viewed as secondary, referred to as “marrow of the skull.”

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11
Q

Who was the Greek figure that first considered the brain as responsible for mental life?

A

Hippocrates, first considered the brain as responsible for intellect, senses, knowledge, emotions, and mental illness.

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12
Q

Which organ did Aristotle believe was the center of cognition, contradicting earlier Greek thought?

A

Aristotle returned to the cardiocentric view, believing the heart was the center of cognition. (“brain designed to cool the heat and seething of the heart

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13
Q

What did Galen contribute to the understanding of the brain?

A

Galen posited that the brain was the seat of the psyche and vital spirits, playing a central role in action, senses, and cognition.

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14
Q

During which centuries did the belief that brain substance took a back seat to ventricular cavities prevail?

A

4th and 5th centuries

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15
Q

What were Descartes’ views on human uniqueness and the mind-body problem?

A

Descartes believed humans are unique due to their rational minds overriding reflexes, and he pondered how the immaterial mind interacts with the material body.

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16
Q

What did Descartes consider as the central operational control center in the body? What did he suggest about the soul?

A
  • Descartes identified the pineal gland as the central operational control center in the body.
  • Soul modulates reflexes through the pineal gland.
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17
Q

In the ventricular system proposed by Albertus Magnus, what mental function is associated with each of the three ventricles?

A
  1. First ventricle =perception
  2. Second ventricle= Reasoning
  3. Third ventricle= Memory
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18
Q

What were some of the contributions of Franz Joseph Gall?

A
  1. Distinguished grey/white matter
  2. Aphasia linked to the frontal lobes
  3. Developed the theory of phrenology, the study of mental faculties through skull structure, marking the beginnings of localism (the idea that specific regions of the brain are responsible for certain functions.)
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19
Q

In the early 1800s when ventricles fall out of favour what structure is focused on next?

A

Cerebrum considered seat of volition, memory, cognition, imagination…as a single, indivisible mass (one big unit)

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20
Q

What is aphasia?

A

A language disorder that affects a person’s ability to communicate, often caused by damage to the brain

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21
Q

How did Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud contribute to the field of neurology? What evidence was this based on?

A
  • Localizing speech ability to the anterior cerebrum
  • Overlooked hemispheric asymmetry

Evidence: Based on 700 complied clinical cases as well as Paul Boca’s case who came in with damage in the left inferior frontal cotex and he could only repeat the words Tan over and over again

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22
Q

What is holism in the context of brain function, as proposed by Pierre Gratiolet?

A

Holism, as proposed by Pierre Gratiolet, suggests that all parts of the brain contribute to different like speech simultaneously, rather than having specialized regions for each task.

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23
Q

What is the core idea behind the theory of Connectionism in the context of cognitive functions?

A

Connectionism is a theory that posits the human mind and brain functions as a network of interconnected nodes

24
Q

What were Carl Wernicke’s Contributions?

A
  • Known for his work on sensory aphaisa: difficulty in understanding spoken language and producing coherent speech
  • Contributed to the idea of assocationism: refers to the concept that specialized regions of the brain are connected/associated to one another and work together to process information
25
Q

What was the prevailing view of brain function in the early 20th century, and who were the main contributors to this view?

A

Characterized by the rise of holism, a view that the entire brain works together in cognitive functions. Notable contributors to this view were John Hughlings Jackson, who distinguished between locating speech and its damage in the brain, and Karl Lashley, who developed the Theory of Mass Action and the concept of equipotentiality. which suggests that the entire brain is involved in cognitive processes, and if one part is damaged, other parts can take over the function.

26
Q

How did views on brain function evolve by the mid-20th century, according to the slide?

A

The view shifted to localism, which suggests that specific brain regions are specialized for specific functions.
This was exemplified by Luria’s model, which divided brain functions into three systems:
1. Brainstem (arousal)
2. The anterior regions (planning and output)
3. Posterior System (sensory input).

27
Q

What are the three debates mentioned in the history of linking the brain and behavior?

A
  1. Heart vs. brain as the seat of the soul,
  2. Ventricles vs. cerebrum as the center of cognition, 3. Localization of function vs. holism/equipotentiality in cognitive processes.
28
Q

What characterized the early study of neuropsychology?

A

Early neuropsychology was characterized by the study of individual cases or small groups of similar cases, primarily using naturalistic observation without planned experimental protocols or quantification.

29
Q

What was a significant development in neuropsychology during the 1960s and 70s?

A
  • Experimental neuropsychology, which combined neuropsychological studies with experimental methods from psychology, -Focused on brain lesions and their impact on cognition, emphasizing localization and functional organization.
30
Q

Review the history of fhow people have linked the brain to behavior and thought. (4)

A
  1. The Egyptians: Believed the heart (cardiocentrism) was the center of thought and feeling.
  2. Ancient Greeks: Thought that the brain (cerebrocentrism) was the key organ for cognitive functions.
  3. The Renaissance: The focus was on ‘animal spirits’, the ventricles of the brain, and the pineal gland as important to cognition.
  4. By the 19th and 20th centuries, cerebrocentrism (the brain is central to understanding thoughts and behaviors.) became widely accepted, especially highlighted in the 1990s, known as the “decade of the brain.”
31
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience, and which fields does it integrate?

A

Integration of neuroscience, experimental neuropsychology, and cognitive psychology, aimed at understanding all mental functions and their neural underpinnings.

32
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience focus on in its studies?

A

Cognitive neuroscience focuses on investigations of all mental functions that are linked to neural processes, including studies involving both animal and human experimentation.

33
Q

What are the key sources of information for cognitive neurology?

A
  1. Healthy human subjects for control data
  2. Non-human animal research (lesions and single cell recordings)
  3. Experimental neuropsychology for understanding brain-behavior relationships
  4. Brain imaging
    for looking at structural and functional aspects of the brain.
34
Q

Why are cognitively normal participants important in brain research?

A

Important in brain research because they provide a standard baseline for brain structure and function, allowing researchers to map typical brain functions to behaviors and identify differences, changes, or dysfunctions that may occur.

35
Q

What are two general approaches in non-human animal brain research?

A

Two general approaches in non-human animal brain research are single-cell recordings to track individual neuron activity and lesion methods to observe the behavioral impact of specific brain damage.

36
Q

What are the advantages of non-human animal investigations in cognitive neurology?

A
  1. Similar cerebrum organization to humans,, facilitating insights into human cognition.
  2. The ability to train animals for complex tasks helping researcher in studying specific cognitive processes systematically.
  3. Controlling environmental and lesion characteristics in studies, enabling the isolation of variables to study their impact on cognition.
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of non-human animal research in cognitive neurology?

A
  1. Include differences in cerebral organization and cognitive functions compared to humans, making it challenging to directly translate findings to human neurology.
  2. The limited ability to compare verbal communication across different species, posing challenges in interpreting cognitive processes across species..
  3. Ethical considerations regarding the use of animals in research.
38
Q

What is the focus of early experimental neuropsychology? (Neuropsychological Investigations (humans with brain damage)

A

Focuses on associating similar functional impairments and brain damage among patients to identify and localize brain-related syndromes.

39
Q

What is the approach of modern neuropsychology? (Neuropsychological Investigations (lesion and deficit approach)

A

Studies single cases or groups with homogeneous brain damage brain damage, focuses on dissociations to understand specific brain functions.

40
Q

What are the two types of neuropsychological investigations?

A
  1. Early experimental neuropsychology, which is based on associations, links symptoms to brain damage to understand brain function.
  2. Modern neuropsychology, which studies individual or group cases focusing on dissociations, to find differences in brain function, revealing the specific roles of different brain regions.
41
Q

What is single disassociation in neuropsychology?

A

Refers to when damage to one area of the brain affects one function but not another,

42
Q

What are the limitations of single dissociation?

A

Single dissociation doesn’t account for other interpretations, such as overall cognitive deficits or task difficulty, which could also explain performance differences.

43
Q

What is double dissociation in neuropsychology?

A

Double dissociation is when two different brain lesions result in opposite impairments on two tasks, providing evidence of distinct cognitive functions for each brain region.

44
Q

What does the double dissociation of memory processes within the temporal lobes suggest?

A

The medial temporal lobes likely mediate episodic memory, while the lateral temporal lobes likely mediate semantic memory.

45
Q

What are important qualifiers for lesions in the lesion and deficit approach?

A

Lesions should be stable, well-demarcated, and identifiable with specific neuroanatomical regions.

46
Q

How can structure-function relationships be complicated in the lesion and deficit approach?

A

Structure-function relationships can be complicated by degeneracy, where different structures can carry out similar functions, and diaschisis, which explains how a deficit may be result of disconnection in a neural network – not directly related to lesion site.

47
Q

What are the inputs of primary/sensory motor areas?

A

Somatosensory (touch) = post-central gyrus
Vision = occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)
Audition = superior temporal lobe (Heschl’s Gyrus)
Olfaction = orbitofrontal cortex
Taste = insula and limbic system

48
Q

What is the output for primary/sensory motor areas?

A

Voluntary motor action = controlled by pre-central gyrus

49
Q

What strucutres are a part of the limbic systme? HAMCHA

A

Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Cingulate cortex
Anterior thalamus
Mamilliary bodies
Hippocampus

50
Q

Function of the limbic system:

A

Involved in emotional regulation, often referred to as the “visceral brain,” as well as memory and cognitive control.

51
Q

What are the divisions of the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)

A

Major divisions: dorsolateral, ventrolateral, medial, orbitofrontal

52
Q

Function of frontal lobe:

A

Responsible for planning, judgment, decision-making, and executive functions, as well as empathy, humor appreciation and interpersonal behaviours

53
Q

Function of parietal lobe

A

Integrate sensory-motor information and are involved in spatial and motor functions.

54
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions (MEEVA)

A
  • Memory (medial and lateral structures)
  • Emotion (medial/temporal poles)
    = Auditory processing (superior temporal gyrus)
  • Visual object recognition (inferior temporal gyrus)
55
Q

What are the two main blood supply systems to the brain and the areas they serve?

A

The anterior circulation, via the internal carotid artery, supplies the front of the brain, and the posterior circulation, via the basilar-vertebral arteries, supplies the back of the brain.

56
Q

What is Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic map?

A

Divides the cerebral cortex into distinct areas based on differences in the cellular structure of neurons.

57
Q

What are signs vs symptoms?

A

Signs: objective abnormailites -observed and mesaured (e.g tremors, abnormal eye movement)
Symptoms: subjective abnormalities: headache, blurred vision

Neural Basis (9 decks)

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