lecture 2 - history Flashcards
What is trepanation?
Scraping or drilling a hole in the skull
What might have been a reason for trepanation in ancient civilizations?
To relieve intracranial pressure or to let ‘evil demons and spirits’ exit
According to Ancient Egyptians, Indians, and Chinese, which organ was believed to have a more important role in vitality?
Heart
What was Aristotle’s belief about the role of the brain?
serves to cool the blood but observed that bigger brains = complex behavior
Who was Galen and what was his contribution to anatomy?
An anatomist, no human dissection, believed psychic pneuma were stored in the brain’s ventricles
What did Vesalius accomplish in the 16th century?
Corrected Galen’s mistakes through human dissection
disproved hollow nerves theory
What is Cartesian dualism?
The relationship between mind and brain proposed by Descartes
interaction structure by Descartes
pineal gland b/c single, medial, & bathed in CSF
Who is considered the father of neurology?
Thomas Willis
Thomas Willis contributions
linked mental functions to brain regions
coined many brain regions
What does phrenology emphasize?
The connection between mind and brain through specific traits mapped to brain regions
creator of phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall, 18th C
What is Aggregate Field (AF) Theory?
The brain works together as a single unit rather than having distinct functions
Who was the first AF theorist and what was his main argument?
Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens; argued against localization of brain functions, brain (cerebral cortex) works as one unit
What is the Jacksonian March?
The orderly progression of seizures across body parts linked to the cerebral cortex
order = tingle in fingers to hand, to the arm, marching up to the periphery
who was John Hughlings Jackson
late 19th
English neurologist, studied epilepsy, linked seizures to cerebral cortex excitement
What did Fritsch and Hitzig discover through their experiments?
late 19th
Specific involuntary movements in dogs’ cortex with electrical stimulation
who was Wilder Penfield
early/mid 20th C
Canadian neurosurgeon, advanced surgical intervention for epilepsy
What did Wilder Penfield do to understand the motor cortex?
Electrically stimulated the cortex in awake patients to understand boundaries for epileptic surgery
who was Pierre-Paul Broca
mid/late 19th C
found multiple patients with language articulation and found same damaged area after autopsy, “Tan” patient
What did Broca’s area affect?
Articulation of speech
who was Carl Wernicke
discovered problem with incomprehensible speech
What is the role of Wernicke’s area?
Language comprehension
who is Korbinian Brodmann
wrote “localization in cerebral cortex”, divided brain into 52 “brodmann” areas
