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Neuroanatomy > Lecture 2: Gross Anatomy of the CNS > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Gross Anatomy of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A group of neurons within the CNS with similar function, connectivity, and neurotransmitters.

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3
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of axons traveling together within the CNS

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4
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A point of connection/communication between neurons.

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5
Q

What is “afferent” information?

A

Arriving information. Usually sensory.

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6
Q

What is “efferent” information?

A

Exiting information. Usually motor.

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7
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Cranial and peripheral nerves

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8
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of axons (plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels) located outside the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

A group of neurons outside the CNS with similar function, connectivity and neurotransmitters.

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10
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Afferent and efferent systems that regulate motor innervation of skeletal muscle and sensory information from the external environment.

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11
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Afferent and efferent systems that regulate motor innervation of smooth muscle and glands and sensory information from the internal environment.

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12
Q

What information is in the somatic sensory neurons (afferent)?

A

Information from sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and from the special sense (vision, hearing, taste, and smell) to the CNS. This includes fine touch, gross touch, proprioception, hot, cold and noxious stimuli.

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13
Q

What information is in the somatic motor neurons (efferent)?

A

Information from the CNS to skeletal muscles, are involved in the output of information from the CNS that result in muscular contraction.

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14
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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15
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

Fight or flight

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16
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

Rest and digest

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17
Q

What is carried by the autonomic (visceral) sensory neurons?

A

Information mainly from visceral organs (smooth muscle organs in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) to the CNS.

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18
Q

What is carried by the autonomic motor neurons?

A

Information from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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19
Q

Draw a figure with the anatomical directions (there are two views with 6 labels each).

A
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20
Q

What does a coronal section look like (draw it)?

A
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21
Q

What does an axial/horizontal section look like (draw it)?

A
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22
Q

What does a sagittal section look like (draw it)?

A
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23
Q

Label the frontal pole, occipital pole, lateral ventricles, and third ventricle in a horizontal section.

A
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24
Q

Label the caudate, putamen, gobus pallidus, amygdala, and hypothalamus on a coronal section.

A
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25
Q

What are the parts to the central nervous system?

A

Brain - Telencephalon - Diencephalon - Eipthalamus - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Subthalamus - Brainstem - Midbrain - Pons - Medulla Oblongata Spinal Cord - Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral - Coccygeal

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26
Q

What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves

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27
Q

What are the twelve cranial nerves and what are they connected to?

A
  1. Olfactory (telencephalon) 2. Optic (diencephalon) 3. Oculomotor (midbrain) 4. trochlear () 5. trigeminal (pons) 6. abducens () 7. Facial () 8. Vestibulocochlear (medulla) 9. glossopharyngeal () 10. Vagus () 11. Cranial & spinal Accessory (spinal cord) 12. hypoglossal
28
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Connective tissues that procted the CNS

29
Q

What three main functions do the meninges serve?

A
  1. Protect 2. Support vascular elements 3. Enclose subarachnoid space
30
Q

What are the three meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid Mater 3. Pia Matter
31
Q

What is the dura mater made up of?

A

2 layers: periosteal and meningeal. It also contains the venous sinuses.

32
Q

Name the dural sinuses and draw them.

A

Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and cavernous.

33
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

The meninge between the dura and pia. The space under the arachnoid is the subarachnoid space and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, above the blood vessels.

34
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

A thin layer attached to the brain surface just under the blood vessels.

35
Q

What is a gyri?

A

The bumps in the folds of the brain.

36
Q

What is a sulci?

A

The grooves in the folds of the brain.

37
Q

Draw and label the following (on the outside of the brain): Central sulcus, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, preoccipital notch, lateral fissure, cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe.

A
38
Q

Draw and label the limbic lobe. Include the following: Cingulate sulcus, collateral sulcus, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital love, frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus.

A
39
Q

Draw the insular (island) lobe.

A
40
Q

What are the functions of the cortical lobes?

A

Frontal: Executive functions Parietal: somatosensation Occipital: Vision Temporal: audition, language comprehension Limbic: memory, emotion

41
Q

What is the white matter of the brain? Where does it project to?

A

Connections within the brain. Intra-hemispheric, inter-hemispheric. Projections to brain stem and projections to the spinal cord.

42
Q

What is the gray matter of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus… Cell bodies of the brain.

43
Q

Where is the basal ganglia on a coronal and axial section? Draw it.

A
44
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement.

45
Q

What structures are in the telencephalon and what is their (general) group function?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus). Regulatory functions.

46
Q

Draw and label the ventricle system of the brain.

A
47
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid and what is its purpose?

A

It fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space, preventing weight of brain from pressing nerves and blood vessels on base of skull. Homeostatic functions. It is high in sodium and chloride, low in magnesium an calcium. There are very little proteins and almost no cells in it.

48
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

The structure that produces the cerebrospinal fluid.

49
Q

Draw and label the parts of the lateral ventricles.

A

Insert Picture!!! Left and right lateral ventricles, anterior horn, body, posterior horn, inferior horn, trigone, septum pellucidum, and interventricular foramina.

50
Q

Draw and label the parts of the third ventricles.

A

Insert Picture!!! Interventricular foramina, massa intermedia, supraoptic (optic) recess, infundibular recess, pineal recess, cerebral aqueduct.

51
Q

Draw and label the parts of the fourth ventricle.

A

Insert Picture!!! Cerebral aqueduct, foramen of magendie, lateral recess of fourth ventricle, and foramina of luschka.

52
Q

Explain the flow of CSF.

A

Secreted by the choroid plexuses into the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. Flows out of the ventricles into the subarachnoid space through foramina of luschka and foramen of magendie. Circulates in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, Flows into the venous blood stream through the arachnoid granulations (on way valves) into the dural sinuses.

53
Q

Label the parts of the midbrain.

A

Ventral surface: crus cerebri, cranial nerves III and IV. Other landmarks: optic chiasm, mammillary bodies, infundibular stalk. Dorsal surface: Tectum = superior and inferior colliculi, cerebral aqueduct, pineal gland.

54
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the pons? Draw their locations.

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

55
Q

Label the structures of the medulla oblongata.

A

Ventral surface: pyramid and olivary eminence. Dorsal surface: Covered by cerebellum. Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII

56
Q

What is the circle of willis? Draw it.

A

The circles of willis is a roughly shaped heptagon located in the ventral surface of the brain. It passes around the optic chiasm and the optic tract, crosses the crus cerebri of the midbrain, and joins at the ponto-midbrain junction.

57
Q

Draw the CNS vasculature for the ventral part of the brain (including circle of willis) and label the major arteries.

A

Vertebral, basilar, posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebral, internal carotid, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, posterior communicating.

58
Q

Label the arteries on the medial surface of the brain.

A
59
Q

Label the arteries on the outside surface of the brain.

A
60
Q

Draw and label which areas on the outside surface of the brain are supplied by which arteries.

A
61
Q

Draw and label which areas on an axial cut of the brain are supplied by which arteries.

A
62
Q

Draw and label which areas on the medial surface of the brain are supplied by which arteries.

A
63
Q

Draw and label the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

A
64
Q

Draw a picture of the arachnoid mater and label as many structures as possible.

A

Dura, superior sagital sinus, arachnoid villus/granules, laterla lacunae, falx, pia, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, falx dura.

65
Q

Label the venous system on the outside and medial surface of the brain.

A
66
Q

Label the blood supply areas to the medial and axial sections of the brain.

A

Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

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