Lecture 2 - Evolution and the domains of life Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Taxonomy: the way to classify groups

in biological systems

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2
Q

what are examples of morphological

characteristics?

A

colour, pattern,

bones, organs

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3
Q

What is the hierarchy of biological classification?

A
Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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4
Q

What does evolution lead to?

A

both variation and unity

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5
Q

explain homologous structures

A
Although forelimbs look very
different on the outside,
there remain similarities in
their skeletal structure
• Shared a common ancestor,
and different environmental
condition led to the
individual evolutionary
changes of each species
• After millions of years, still
retain core
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6
Q

what were the first steps towards developing the theory of evolution?

A

aristotle - developed scala naturae “‘ladder of ife”, based on organisms function and complexity
Carl linnaeus - developed hierarchies based on morphological characteristics
-pioneered binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

which theory of evolution did Aristotle and Linnaeus believe?

A

the doctrine of fixed species

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8
Q

What did Jean baptiste lamarck develop? explain

A

the theory of lamarckian evolution.

  • thought organisms traits could change throughout their lifetime through use and disuse
  • thought these could easily be passes onto their offspring
  • giraffes example
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9
Q

what is good and bad about the lamarckian theory?

A

organisms traits can change throughout their lifetime, BUT it is very difficult to pass these traits onto their offspring.

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10
Q

what did charles darwin develop?

A

he refuted the doctrine of fixed species

developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

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11
Q

what aspects of evolution show unity?

A

homologous structures

for example

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12
Q

what aspects show diversity?

A
  • after an environmental change, physical traits may give a survival advantage
  • example: antibiotic resistant gene in bacteria
  • organisms in that environment are going to be selected for, but not necessarily in other environments without the selective condition
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13
Q

what is the central dogma of evolution?

A

environmental change –> selective pressure overtime –> new species

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14
Q

what determines physical traits?

A
  • DNA contains genes, which encode proteins
  • expression and activity of the proteins determine the structure and function of cells
  • cells are the basic unit of life for all organisms
  • cells can inherit or obtain DNA from other cells in a number of ways.
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15
Q

how can cells inherit or obtain DNA from other cells?

A

conjunction/transduction
mitosis
meiosis
asexual + sexual reproduction

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16
Q

describe the structure and function of cell membranes

A
  • made up of lipid bilayers
  • hydrophilic heads on outer and inner edges of the membrane
  • hydrophobic tail in the middle of membrane
  • is semi-permeable, and allows various nutrients, wastes, proteins and ions to pass in and out of the cell
17
Q

describe how cells utilise and store energy

A
  • energy and matter flow from one organism to another using cellular respiration and photosynthesis
  • one of the most common forms of energy is ATP
  • ATP contains chemical energy in the bonds between its 3 phosphate groups.
  • after breaking down nutrients, energy is converted to ATP.
  • When ATP is broken down to ADP (one Pi removed), this energy can be released and used.
18
Q

state and describe the different types of cells

A

> prokaryotes
- lack of cell nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
- cytoplasm, cell wall, DNA, Nucleoid, Glycocalyx, ribosomes, flagellum, fimibriae, pilus, plasma membrane, plasmid
eukaryotes
- contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
- animal cell contains: cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, plasmid, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus,chromatin, nuclear envelope, peroxisome, microvilli, centrioles, cytoskeleton element, lysosome, golgi apparatus, mitochondria

19
Q

what are the similarities between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A

> all have a plasma membrane
- encloses cell, separates contents from surroundings, phospholipid bilayer, 5-10nanometers thick, contains embedded proteins
cytoplasm
- semi-fluid matrix, contains chemicals of the cells, sugars, amino acids, proteins, contain organelles in eukaryotes
protein
- the work horsed, e.g., enzymes, structural proteins
carbohydrates
- energy source

20
Q

what are the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A
  • eukaryotic cells have their DNA inside a membrane
  • eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that allow them to compartmentalise cellular processes.
  • eukaryotic and bacterial cells are different in size
  • eukaryotes = 10-100um in diameter
  • prokaryotes = 1-5 um in diameter