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Techniques for Neuropsychology > Lecture 2: EEG > Flashcards

Lecture 2: EEG Flashcards

1
Q

The cortex

A
  • Major part of the brain
  • Convolutions are the gyri and separations are the sulci.
  • involved in higher brain functioning.
  • divided into two hemispheres
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2
Q

4 different lobes

A
  1. occipital - involved in visual processing
  2. temporal - involved in higher meanings
  3. parietal - involved in spatial information processing
  4. frontal lobe - involved in conscious thoughts and decisions
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3
Q

cerebellum

A
  • involved in the maintenance of balance and posture, coordination of voluntary movements, motor learning.
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4
Q

brain stem

A

involved in the automatic body processes

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5
Q

limbic system

A

involved in emotion, flight-or-fight

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6
Q

Action potentials

A
  • Message sparks with electrical signal, this moves down the neuron – called the action potential.
  • When it reaches the end of the neuron, in order to reach the other neuron, this action potential is then transformed into a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter.
  • The neurotransmitter is transferred from one neuron to the next through the synapse.
  • When it reaches the next neuron, a new electrical signal called the post-synaptic potential is created.
  • These signals could be excitatory or inhibitory.
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7
Q

Pyramidal neurons

A
  • triangular shape
  • found in all the lobes
  • EEG records these as they have constant shape and are perpendicular to the cortex.
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8
Q

EEG

A

Records electrical activity from pyramidal neurons on the surface.

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9
Q

Amplifier

A

Amplifier needed as signal is very weak.

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10
Q

Richard Caton - 1875

A

First recording of electrical activity in animals
- found electrical activity varies with different mental states

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11
Q

Adolf Beck - 1890

A
  • found electrical activity varies with external stimuli
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12
Q

Hans Berger - 1924

A

First human EEG recording
- electrical activity varies according to functional status of brain

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13
Q

1936

A

First EEG laboratory opened

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14
Q

EEG pros

A
  • Relatively cheap, compared to fMRI for example – thousands not millions.
  • Portable; consists of amplifier and electrodes.
  • Excellent time resolution can record every millisecond as it happens.
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15
Q

EEG cons

A
  • Poor spatial resolution - Use EEG to find out when something happens in the brain, not where.
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16
Q

MEG pros

A
  • Records the magnetic fields generated by neural activity
  • Excellent time resolution
  • Captures deeper neural activity
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17
Q

MEG cons

A
  • Large, stationary, expensive
  • Requires heavy maintenance, training etc.
18
Q

PET pros

A
  • Monitors metabolic activity of neurons during cognitive tasks.
  • Robust towards motion artefacts.
19
Q

PET cons

A
  • Invasive – inject drug into participants.
  • Poor time resolution – don’t use it to know when something happens, use it more to discover where something happens in the brain.
  • Large, stationary, expensive
20
Q

fMRI pros

A
  • Measures changes in blood flow associated with changes in neural activity.
  • Excellent spatial resolution.
  • Not invasive – don’t have to inject anything.
  • This is the best research method to find out where something happens.
21
Q

fMRI cons

A
  • Poor time resolution
  • Large, stationary, expensive
22
Q

oscillations

A

repetitive patterns of neural activity. We see these when the neurons are in synchrony.

23
Q

Delta

A
  • (1-4 Hz)
  • Slow and of high amplitude.
  • Known as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS): generated during meditation and deep sleep.
  • Memory consolidation, healing, and regeneration are stimulated during Delta rhythm.
24
Q

Theta

A
  • (4-8 Hz)
  • Generated during meditation and light sleep
  • Dreaming state, beyond normal conscious awareness
25
Q

Alpha

A
  • (8-12 Hz)
  • Resting state – relaxed or when we close our eyes.
  • Helps mental coordination, calmness, alertness, mind/body integration, and learning
  • Appears when eyes close
26
Q

Beta

A
  • (12-25 Hz)
  • Normal waking state, awake and engaging in activity.
  • Appears when we are alert, attentive, engaged in problem solving and decision making, focused
27
Q

Gamma

A
  • ( > 25 Hz)
  • Role currently unknown
  • Hypotheses:
  • Expended consciousness and spiritual emergence
  • Integration of various sensory impressions of an object to form a coherent form.
  • By-product of other neural processes (eye-movements, micro-saccades).
28
Q

What is EEG used for?

A
  • Healthcare
  • Behavioural research
  • Other applications
29
Q

wet electrodes

A

metal disks or pellets that connect with the skin via conductive gel, paste or cream, typically based on saline.

30
Q

dry electrodes

A

easier to use, put the cap on the head, but it is much less accurate, used less in research.

31
Q

number of electrodes

A

The choice of the number of electrodes usually depends on the purpose of the recording and, in research, on existing results and findings.
* Usually use between 32 and 128. Any more is time consuming as you have to apply the gel to each electrode individually.

32
Q

Letters of electrodes

A
  • Fp = Frontopolar region
  • F = Frontal lobe
  • P = Parietal lobe
  • O = Occipital lobe
  • T = Temporal lobe
  • C = Central region
  • A1 and A2 = reference electrodes
33
Q

Number of electrode

A
  • Odd number = left hemisphere
  • Even number = right hemisphere.
  • Z = midline region, so no number.
34
Q

Why are eye electrodes needed?

A

To remove activity of the eyes during cleaning of the data

35
Q

reference electrodes

A

we record the brain activity that is not associated with brain functioning, need some neutral activity.

36
Q

Differential amplifier

A

activity from the brain Input 2: neutral activity (from reference electrodes) we subtract this activity and we get the output.

37
Q

average of mastoids or earlobes - re-referencing

A

Take references of both mastoids or earlobes and average this. If we take activity from one side of the brain, this might affect the results – as it relates to one side of the brains activity. So, we take two references and take the average.

38
Q

common average reference

A

don’t bother with reference electrodes, instead take all the averages of the brain and use that as the reference electrode.

39
Q

electrode placement

A
  • measure naison and inion distance, place 10+20% increments
  • measure pre-auricular points, place 10+20% increments
  • measure circumference, place 10%
  • Join these dots and divide into 25%
40
Q

Cz

A
  • Different size of caps
  • Cz is most important
  • Take measure of naison and inion, and pre-auricular points
  • Once found Cz, place rest of cap on
41
Q
A

Techniques for Neuropsychology (2 decks)

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