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Neuroscience Unit 3 > Lecture 2: Early Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Early Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

During gastrulation, the midline is also called the _______. It is defined by formation of the ______, and is critical for formation of all tissue, including the _______.

A

primitive streak
notochord
CNS

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2
Q

Gastrulation begins with invagination in the _____, leading to formation of three different ______ (____, ____, ____)

A 
blastula
tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
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3
Q

Early neurulation is coincident with ________ signaling events, and induces the _______.

A

gastrulation

neural ectoderm

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4
Q

What is the very first event in neurulation?

A

notochord formation

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5
Q

Notochord formation is central to gastrulation by defining the ______ of the embryo and inducing formation of the ______.

A

midline

neural ectoderm

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6
Q

What are neural ectodermal cells precursors of?

A

neural cells

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7
Q

What is the default fate in neural induction?

A

neural fate

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8
Q

What does blocking BMP cause?

A

cells adopt neural fate

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9
Q

What are factors which inhibit BMP? Where are they produced?

A

Chordin, noggin, follistatin

notochord

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10
Q

What does BMP activity drive formation of?

A

epidermis

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11
Q

BMPs bind _____ and a ____ complex, which is transported to the nucleus to mediate transcription

A

receptor tyrosine kinases

SMAD

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12
Q

What are BMPs, FGF (retinoic acid), insulin GF, and inhibition of Wnt signaling involved in?

A

neural induction

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13
Q

What are cells which make up the neural tube?

A

Neural stem cells

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14
Q

After neural induction, the formation of _____ happens very rapidly. How is this formed?

A
  • neural tube

- lateral margins of the neural plate fold inward

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15
Q

From what direction does the neural plate close to form the neural tube?

A

Both directions - anterior and posterior

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16
Q

What two compounds are important for neural tube formation?

A

Folic acid

B-complex vitamins

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17
Q

As the neural tube closes, the _____ pinches off

A

neural crest

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18
Q

What 4 structures does the neural crest give rise to?

A
  1. Cranial neural crest
  2. Trunk neural crest
  3. Vagal and Sacral neural crest
  4. Cardiac neural crest
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19
Q

What components come from the cranial neural crest?

A
  • Cranial ganglia

- Bones and cartilage in face and head

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20
Q

What components come from the trunk neural crest?

A
  • DRGs
  • sympathetic ganglia
  • adrenal medulla
  • melanocytes
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21
Q

What components come from the vagal and sacral neural crest?

A

parasympathetic ganglia

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22
Q

What components come from the cardiac neural crest?

A
  • cartilage
  • melanocytes, neurons of pharyngeal arches
  • regions of the heart
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23
Q

What neural tube defect results from failure of the posterior end of the neural tube to close?

A

Spina Bifida

24
Q

What neural tube defects result from failure of the anterior end of the neural tube to close?

A

ancencephaly, holoprocencephaly

25
Q

What is the signal for ventral patterning?

A

Sonic Hedgehog

26
Q

What is the signal for dorsal patterning?

A

TGF-beta family (BMPs)

27
Q

On what signaling molecule is formation of the neural plate and neural groove dependent?

A

Sonic Hedgehog

28
Q

The neural crest gives rise to cells in the _____ nervous system.

A

Peripheral

29
Q

What is the effect of Shh signaling absence in brain development?

A

holoprocencephaly - telecephalon fails to bifurcate

30
Q

With what event does anterior-posterior patterning overlap?

A

neural induction (gastrulation)

31
Q

What 4 features does anterior-posterior patterning give rise to?

A
  1. Spinal chord
  2. Rhombencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Prosencephalon
32
Q

What are the two feature of the rhombencephalon? What does each give rise to?

A

Metencephalon –> pons

Myelencephalon –> medulla

33
Q

What does the Mesencephalon, which results from A/P patterning, give rise to?

A

midbrain

34
Q

What are two features of the prosencephalon? What does each give rise to?

A

Diencephalon –> thalmus, retina

Telencephalon –> forebrain

35
Q

What are Hox genes involved in?

A

anterior/posterior patterning in posterior CNS

36
Q

What do OTX2 knockout embryos lose?

A

anterior neural structures

37
Q

Neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells divide and differentiate in the _____ zone to give rise to all cells in the ______.

A

ventricular

CNS

38
Q

Describe the divisions which occur in early, middle, and late development during generation of the nervous system.

A
  • Early: Neural Stem Cells –> symmetric division –> 2 Neural Stem Cells
  • Middle: Neural Stem Cells –> asymmetric divison –> 1 Neural Stem Cell, 1 Neural Progenitor
  • Late: Neural Stem Cells –> symmetric divison –> 2 Neural Progenitors = NSCs disappear
39
Q

What do neural progenitors give rise to?

A

neurons and glia

40
Q

_____ and ______ control neural progenitor differentiation.

A

Notch

proneural basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors

41
Q

Notch signaling through _____ requires ______.

A

Delta

Cell-cell contact

42
Q

What happens at low/moderate levels of Notch stimulation through Delta?

A

bHLH genes are activated –> high expression of bHLH genes –> cell differentiation into neuron

43
Q

How does Notch become hyper-activated? What happens next?

A
  • bHLH activation upregulates Delta –> hyper-activation of Notch
  • -proneuronal bHLH genes are shut off, kept in pluripotent neural stem cell state
44
Q

Gliogenesis starts AFTER the peak of _____

A

neurogenesis

45
Q

Astrogliogenesis reuses signaling pathways. Astrogliogenesis differentiation from neural progenitors is _____ dependent and is inhibited by ____ genes.

A

Notch

basic-helix-loop-helix

46
Q

Are oligodendrocyte generation and astrogliogenesis induced by the same or different factors?

A

Different

  • Astro - Notch
  • Oligo - Oligs, Nkx 2.1
47
Q

After neurogenesis, astrogliogenesis and oligodendrogenesis occur. Which happens first?

A

Neurogenesis –> Oligo –> Astro

48
Q

By when are neurons in most brain areas generated?

A

middle of 2nd trimester

49
Q

When does the majority of gliogenesis occur in humans?

A

after birth

50
Q

When does almost all of myelination occur in humans?

A

After birth, until age 20

51
Q

What effect can cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol use during pregnancy have on the developing brain?

A

Decrease in size of grey matter cells in cortex and caudate

52
Q

By what point in pregnancy is primary neurulation complete?

A

first 3 weeks

53
Q

In what manner does the cortex form? What is this pattern due to?

A

inside-to-outside

radial migration

54
Q

In radial migration, the 1._____ neurons migrate radially along 2._____ to the 3._____, and each subsequent generation of neurons migrates 4._____ the earlier born neurons.

A
  1. radial
  2. radial glia
  3. cortical plate
  4. past
55
Q

What is the dual nature of radial glia?

A
  1. give rise to neurons

2. provide a scaffolding on which these neurons can migrate to appropriate destination

56
Q

Mutation in the ECM protein, reelin, disrupts the process of cortical formation. What is the result?

A

cortex is inside-out

57
Q

Interneurons are derived from the _____ and _____ ganglionic eminences, and cannot migrate radially. Instead, they migrate _____. This process involves which 3 txn factors?

A
  • medial and lateral
  • tangentially
  • DLX1, DLX2, Mash1

Neuroscience Unit 3 (8 decks)

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