Lecture 2 - Developmental Designs Flashcards
What are the benefits of longitudinal designs?
+ Enables you to pries apart continuity and discontinuity.
+ Intra-individual developmental over time
What are the limitations of longitudinal designs?
- Expensive
- Attrition rates
- Takes more time
What is the cross-sectional design?
Differences between participants of varying ages at the same time. E.g. studying differences between groups of 6, 9 and 12 year olds.
Ability to examine intra-individual change is lost.
What are the benefits of the cross-sectional design?
+ Quick
+ Cheap
What are the drawbacks of the cross-sectional design?
- May differ on more than one trait.
- Does not allow examination of intra-individual change.
Define cohort (effects) in relation to developmental psychology.
The particular set of historical and cultural conditions that affect individuals born in the same time period, and that may systematically influence their development.
What are time of measurement effects?
Factors which may have been present at the time of data collection which influence development, confounding studies with age as the IV.
What is the longitudinal sequential design?
A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional.
For example, a group of 6 year olds is studied until they are 9 years old and a group of 9 year olds are studied until they are 12 years old. The 6 and 9 year old children are first studied at the same time.
What is the cross-sectional sequential design?
Repeated cross sectional designs over time, allowing for age and cohort differences.
What are the advantages of the longitudinal sequential design?
+ allows measurement of stability and change over time (differences between one child when they are 6 and 9)
+ allows measurement of intra-individual development over time
+ allows identification of cohort differences
What do sequential designs generally entail?
Participants of different age groups are studied repeatedly over a period of time.
How does shyness develop over time?
Shyness increases over time, particularly for girls (Karevold et al)
Which participants are most likely to avoid being the cause of attrition?
Healthiest and most educated participants.
How does shyness link to externalising problems?
Karevold et al., (2012) reports that children with shyness at 4 and a half years old were more likely to report symptoms of anxiety and low levels of social skills at 12 and a half years.
