Lecture 2 - Development

Question 1

Two types of globalisation processes what is hypermobility and and time space compression?

Answer 1

Hypermobility is of people, goods but also money

Time space compression is real and perceptible distances

Question 2

Global shrinkage is what?

Answer 2

the effect of changing transport technologies on ‘real’ distance (McHale, 1969)

Question 3

Globalisation implies what?

Answer 3

Change and uneveness

Question 4

Why does unevenness occour?

Answer 4

Processes – (post-Fordism)
Regimes of Accumulation – (capitalism creates but also copes with crisis)
Temporal

Question 5

What is Fordism?

Answer 5

economic production based around factories (18th-20th Century)

Question 6

What is post fordism?

Answer 6

Small-scale production
Economy of scope
Specialisation of job and product
ICT
Different focus on type of consumer
Service industries
Increased number of women in the workplace

Question 7

What are limits of globalisation?

Answer 7

the importance of the local

local-global oppositions (McGrew, 1992)

homogenisation vs. differentiation

centralisation vs. decentralisation

Question 8

How do we measure development?

Answer 8

Wealth, economic structure, diet, health, demographics, UN Human Development Index

Question 9

Human development index was cordianted by UN what does it measure?

Answer 9

Education
Life expectancy
Literacy
Standard of Living

Question 10

What is the Fisher-Clark Theory?

Answer 10

A theory of structural change

Question 11

Fisher-Clark proposed economies have how many stages of production?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

What is stage 1 of the Fisher Clark theory?

Answer 12

Primary production – extraction of raw materials through e.g. agric, fishing, forestry

Question 13

What is stage 2 of the Fisher-Clark theory?

Answer 13

Secondary production – industrial production through manufacturing and construction

Question 14

What is stage 3 of the Fisher-Clark theory?

Answer 14

Tertiary production – provision of services (economic maturity)

Assumes that demand for services grows with income

Question 15

There are 5 critiques of the Fisher-Clark model, what are they?

Answer 15

• Not overtly spatial
• Universalism of model there are no internal variations
• Western fit of model
• Assumes progressive development – in practice, some economies have leaped to service economy through e.g. tourism (The Gambia, Kenya, South Africa)
• Contemporary variations of service economies – emergence of ‘quaternary service sector’

Question 16

The modernisation theory developed by who?

Answer 16

Walt Rostow (1960)

Question 17

How many stages did the modernisation theory discover and what were they about?

Answer 17

5 stages of economic growth…and identifies factors creating development/maturity

Question 18

5 stages of the modernisation theory. Number 1 is the traditional stage what is this?

Answer 18

The agriculture and hunter-gatherer stage - social structures dominated by family, clan or tribal groupings; pre nation state

Question 19

Number 2 of modernisation theory is Preconditions for take off, what is this?

Answer 19

Savings/investment rates above population growth rates, increased importance of the nation state, elite status not based on family or clan, changes are often triggered by external extrusion

Question 20

Number 3 of the modernisation theory is take off, what is this?

Answer 20

triggered by internal/external stimulus e.g political revolution. Higher rates of investment and saving, substantial manufacturing sector, banks and other intrusions in places

Question 21

Number 4 of the modernisation theory is drive to maturity, what is this?

Answer 21

Expansion of use and range in technology, growth of new economic sectors, investments/savings 10-20% of national income

Question 22

Number 5 of modernisation theory is age of high mass consumption, what is this?

Answer 22

Widespread consumption of durable consumer goods and services, increased spending on welfare services

Question 23

Dependency Theory was developed by who?

Answer 23

Andre Gunder Frank (1967)

Question 24

What are the bases of the dependency theory?

Answer 24

Nature of under-development
Established spatial power-relations
Development and under-development

Question 25

The dependency used Latin America as what?

Answer 25

As a model metropolis and satellites highlighting unequal power relationships

Question 26

There are 3 basic assumptions of the dependency theory, what are they?

Answer 26

(1) Poor nations provide raw materials for the rich states
(2) Rich states facilitate a system of dependency
(3) All attempts to get out of dependency are resisted by the rich states

Question 27

In context to the dependency theory, how does technology work?

Answer 27

The dominant countries have technological and industrial advantage, therefore they ensure economic system works in own self-interest

Question 28

In context tot he dependency the world is not what?

Answer 28

On a level playing field, the only way to move LEDCs from poverty cycles would be reform

Question 29

The dependency suggests 4 practical recommendations what are they?

Answer 29

Promotion of domestic industry
Import limitations
Forbid foreign investment
Nationalisation

Question 30

There are 4 critiques of the dependency theory, what are they?

Answer 30

1. It assumes static spatial relationships, whereas power relations are fluid
2. It is politically unrealistic
3. Corruption can happen
4. There is a lack of competition = inefficiency

Question 31

There are 7 critiques to Walt Rostows, modernisation theory, name 4 of the 7?

Answer 31

1. Universalism of model
2. Western fit of model
3. Assumes linear progression
4. ‘Myth’ of developmentalism

Question 32

There are 7 critiques to Walt Rostows, modernisation theory, name the final 3 of the 7?

Answer 32

5. Inter-dependence of development
6. Overlooks importance of power
7. Fails to identify pre-conditions, hard to predict

Question 33

Conc: Patterns of globalisation are what?

Answer 33

Uneven

Question 34

Conc: Inequality could be what?

Answer 34

Transient

Question 35

Conc: Inequalities could be a

Answer 35

fixed relationship?

Question 36

Conc: The world system could be a…

Answer 36

changing system