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Epidemiology Exam 1 > Lecture 2: Descriptive Epi and Measures of Disease Freq > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Descriptive Epi and Measures of Disease Freq Flashcards

1
Q

2 aspects of DISTRIBUTION of a disease

A

Frequencies and Patterns

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2
Q

Frequency of disease occurrence considers

A

Counts in relation to size of a population

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3
Q

3 aspects of PATTERNS of disease occurrences

A

Person, Place, Time

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4
Q

Distribution of disease= __ Epidemiology

A

Descriptive Epi (who, where, when)

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5
Q

When to use Descriptive Epidemiology

A

When occurrence of disease is more frequent than usual or greater compared to other areas.

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6
Q

3 types of surveillance systems

A

Passive, active, syndromic

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7
Q

System waits for disease/conditions to come to them

A

Passive Surveillance System

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8
Q

Search through communities for new cases of disease/conditions

A

Active Surveillance System

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9
Q

Focus is looking for signs/symptoms that could lead to disease/conditions

A

Syndromic Surveillance System

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10
Q

subtype of Syndromic Surveillance; looks for signs/symps not just in humans, but also in animals, plants, environment.

A

Biosurveillance

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11
Q

Induction/Incubation period

A

Time between exposure and onset (disease process starts) of disease

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12
Q

Latency period

A

Time between onset and detection of disease

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13
Q

Timeline for Disease

A
  1. Susceptability
  2. 5 (Exposure)
  3. Subclinical changes (pathologic changes occur)
  4. 5 (Onset of symptoms)
  5. Clinical Stage (usual time for diagnoses)
  6. Recovery, Disability, or Death stage
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14
Q

Element that must be defined before ‘Who’

A

Case Definition

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15
Q

Define disease/condition for public health surveillance

A

Case Definitions

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16
Q

Department that makes case definitions (infectious and non)

A

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)

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17
Q

Department that collects specific types of disease from subnational (state, local, etc) health departments in order to monitor, control, prevent disease

A

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

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18
Q

Confirmed vs Probable case defs

A

Probable-likely to have condition but key factor for accurate diagnosis has not been met
Confirmed-key factor for diagnosis has been met

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19
Q

Newsletter based from NNDSS that reports notifiable diseases at the national level

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

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20
Q

Disease occurrence is higher than normal.

A

Epidemic

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21
Q

Localized higher than normal increase in disease occurrence (smaller scale compared to epidemic)

A

Outbreak (aka cluster)

22
Q

Higher than normal disease occurrence is a norm in a given area.

A

Endemic

23
Q

Pre-pandemic alert that epidemic should be taken under cautionary measures

A

Emergency of International Concern

24
Q

Epidemic spread world-wide

A

Pandemic

25
Q

Graphical study monitoring outbreak/epidemic cases over time and is used to form hypotheses of occurrences; incorps Descriptive Epi (3 W’s)

A

Epidemic Curve

26
Q

3 visual factors an epidemic curve presents

A
  1. Magnitude (number of cases, vertical axis)
  2. Timing (occurrences over time; horizontal axis)
  3. Pattern (if disease is continuously spreading or not; shape of curve)
27
Q

Index or sentinel case/case zero

A

First documented person with onset of disease

28
Q

2 aspects of PATTERNS in an epicurve

A
  1. Point source-common, single source that passes the disease continuously or intermittently; not propagated (ex. broadstream pump)
  2. Propagated- person-person spread
29
Q

Hypotheses from epicurves include understanding

A
  1. transmission route
  2. probably exposure period (graph, begins at point 0)
  3. incubation period
30
Q

No sentinel case; continuous over time, not propagated or repeated

A

common/point source graph with no exposure

31
Q

Yes sentinel case, continuous over time, not propagated or repeated

A

common/point source graph with index case

32
Q

There is repetition of disease occurrence

A

Common/point source graph with intermittent outbreak

33
Q

Yes sentinel case, there is propagation of infected infecting others (secondarily) and others infect others (spread)

A

person-to-person outbreak

34
Q

Maximum incubation period

A

period between time of exposure and last incident case

35
Q

Average incubation period

A

Period between exposure and highest peak of a continuous epicurve

36
Q

Minimum incubation period

A

Period between exposure and first detected incident cases

37
Q

3 numerical measures of disease frequencies

A

Proportions, Ratios, and Rates

38
Q

Proportion

A

part over whole; simple percentage; numerator is related to the denominator (ex. same individs in population)

39
Q

Ratio

A

Division of two unrelated numbers (ex. different individs from a population of interest)

40
Q

Rate

A

Proportion with time incorporated in the denominator

41
Q

3 key factors when comparing disease freqs BETWEEN groups. If factors 2 and 3 are not the same between groups, what do we do?

A
  1. number of people who are infected (count)
  2. size of source pop (those who have disease) OR those at risk (those who do not have disease)
  3. Time-length that the population was followed

We need standardize values (have a common denom)

42
Q

New cases of a disease

A

Incidence

43
Q

Existing plus new cases

A

Prevalence

44
Q

______ and ______ are proportions; they factor in the ‘at risk’ OR ‘base’ populations into the denominator

A

Incidence, prevalence

45
Q

How does prevalence decrease?

A

infected persons have gotten cured or have died

46
Q

How does prevalence increase?

A

infected persons are being treated, prevent from dying sooner

47
Q

How do you prevent incidence?

A

Prohibit actively (vaccinations) or are immune

48
Q

Equation for incidence

A

aka risk/attack rate

incidence=new cases/AT RISK population

(REMEMBER: in denom, subtract those who already have disease or are immune!)

49
Q

When is the equation for incidence useful?

A

When numerator and denom are unchanging (non-dynamic)

50
Q

When the incidence/risk/attack rate for a NON-DYNAMIC POPULATION is summed over multiple time periods

A

Cumulative incidence

51
Q

What to do when we are evaluating a population
in which it would be near-impossible to determine
who IS and who ISN’T at risk during known time?

A

Will have to estimate the population.

Epidemiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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