lecture 2 COPY

Question 1

true or false, all energy is equal

Answer 1

false

Question 2

example of high quality energy?

Answer 2

potential energy, chemical energy

Question 3

example of low quality energy?

Answer 3

heat, entropy

Question 4

what do living organisms do with energy?

Answer 4

convert high quality into low quality

Question 5

second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 5

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy plays a crucial role in the second law, which states that in any spontaneous process, the total entropy of an isolated system always increases.

Question 6

what does the quality of energy depend on?

Answer 6

how much of it is free

Question 7

what is enthalpy?

Answer 7

total energy (usable and unusable)

Question 8

what is entropy?

Answer 8

measure of disorder

Question 9

formula for G?

Answer 9

G=H-TS

Question 10

what determines whether a process occurs spontaneously?

Answer 10

change in free energy (negative delta G is spontaneous)

Question 11

what do we mean by the standardization of free energy values?

Answer 11

measured under the same conditions:
-T=298K
-P=1atm
-pH=7
-concentration: 1M

Question 12

true or false, standard free energies are additive

Answer 12

true

Question 13

what do we mean by cells capture the free energy released by ATP hydrolysis to create order?

Answer 13

referring to energy coupling. a process that is spontaneous will increase entropy, and the cell will couple this process to a non-spontaneous process, therefore the energy released by the spontaneous reaction will release energy that can then be used (when that energy is used the entropy decreases, which creates order

Question 14

what is the link between protein folding and ATP

Answer 14

ATP can induce strain in protein structures, which changes the structure of the protein. ATP binding/hydrolysis can distort the 3D structure of proteins

Question 15

what is the link between the way a protein is folded and free energy? why does this occur?

Answer 15

-folded in a way to minimize free energy

-Systems with lower free energy are more stable and less likely to change spontaneously.

Question 16

what is reduction?

Answer 16

gaining an electron

Question 17

what is oxidation?

Answer 17

losing an electron

Question 18

what do redox reactions do?

Answer 18

-movement of an electron

-These reactions often release energy because electrons move from high-energy states (e.g., in reduced molecules like glucose) to lower-energy states (e.g., oxygen).

Question 19

what do metabolic enzymes do?

Answer 19

oxidize fuels (which creates energy)

Question 20

what is the principle electron acceptor in metabolic redox reactions?

Answer 20

NAD+

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE, the reductions of NAD+ is spontaneous

Answer 21

true

Question 22

what does GAPDH do?

Answer 22

brings NAD+ in position to be reduced

Question 23

when is FAD used?

Answer 23

when the availabe free energy could not reduce NAD+

Question 24

does the cell harvest more energy from the reduction of NAD+ or the reductioin of FAD?

Answer 24

NAD+

Question 25

which process does the cell harvest more energy from, ATP hydrolysis or electron acceptance?

Answer 25

electron acceptance

Question 26

how does the reduction of NAD+ produce energy if the delta G is positive?

Answer 26

Stores electrons (as NADH) to be used in the ETC to produce ATP the reduction of NAD+ requires energy, but in the long run it will produce ATP through the ETC

Question 27

whats the Kb constant?

Answer 27

constant that relates kinetic energy of particles with the temperature

Question 28

what does KbT=0.6kcal/mol refer to

Answer 28

its the baseline amount of energy protein will import wehn bumps into protein next to it at physiological conditions

Question 29

whats the name of the movement of molecules?

Answer 29

brownian motion

Question 30

what is the characteristic diffusion coefficient (D)?

Answer 30

characteristic of a molecules diffusion capacity

Question 31

what is diffusion caused by?

Answer 31

motion caused by collisions

Question 32

do smaller or larger molecules have a larger D

Answer 32

smaller molecules

Question 33

true or false, brownian motion is random

Answer 33

true

Question 34

what are the 3 main types of energies?

Answer 34

-chemical -mechanical -electromagnetic

Question 35

whats the magnitude of cellular forces?

Answer 35

cellular forces are measured in pN to nN

Question 36

how much is a KbT for the cell?

Answer 36

4.1pN/nM

Question 37

what exactly is a KbT?

Answer 37

kBT is the thermal energy of a system at a given temperature

Question 38

what includes electromagnetic energies?

Answer 38

-photons absorbed and emitted -electrostatic potentials

Question 39

what do cells do with photons

Answer 39

either absorb or produce them

Question 40

formula to find how much energy is in photons

Answer 40

E=h(planck's constant)x(frequency in Hz)

Question 41

true or false, the surfaces of proteins contain many charged particles

Answer 41

true

Question 42

true or false, it is easy to calculate strength of non covalent bonds

Answer 42

false

Question 43

if non covalent bonds holding together are stronger than thermal energy, how do they come apart?

Answer 43

-collisions can break bonds -1 in 20 collisions break hydrogen bonds -the energy of a molecule flunctuates -ex; if two water molecules coming at you from same direction, their energies align and collision is greater we need to make it over the transition state

Question 44

how do covalent bonds break?

Answer 44

-much harder -collision breaks covalent bond every septillion years -chemical reactions usually break them

Question 45

whats particular about thermal energy?

Answer 45

This is a constant energy scale that remains the same regardless of the length scale.

Question 46

why does the cell need to balance all energy types?

Answer 46

cells operate in a regime where thermal energy, chemical bond energy, and mechanical energies are comparable. This balance is critical for efficient molecular processes.

Question 47

why do we compare ATP hydrolysis to a 20 dollar bank note?

Answer 47

-big enough to do something with -small enough to avoid too much waste