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Physiology And Disease > Lecture 2: Concepts In Health And Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Concepts In Health And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define health.

A

Health is a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. – WHO

Different perspective for the construction of the definition health and disease …

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The branch of biology that studies the functional activities and its mechanisms in biological systems.

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3
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of the functional changes associated with or resulting from a disease or injury.

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4
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of the causes and effects of diseases. It involves the diagnosis of diseases.

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that can cause disease.

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6
Q

How are diseases classified?

A

Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathological.

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7
Q

What does an anatomical disease classification mean?

A

It is based on the organs that have been affected.

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8
Q

What does a physiological disease classification mean?

A

A description of a disease that affects process or a function.

For example: metabolic, digestive, or respiratory diseases.

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9
Q

What does a pathological disease classification mean?

A

It is based on the nature of the disease.

For example: neoplastic (abnormal growth) diseases, inflammatory diseases.

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10
Q

How many types of diseases are there? State them.

A

4 main types.

Deficiency

Genetic (both hereditary and non-hereditary)

Physiological

Infectious

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11
Q

How do deficiency diseases occur?

A

They are caused by a lack of essential nutrients in diets. It is commonly associated by malnutrition.

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12
Q

What are some illnesses that result from a deficiency disease?

A

• Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency).

• Kwashiorkor (Protein deficiency).

• Anaemia (Deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin).

• Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency, soft/weak bones).

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13
Q

What is a genetic disease?

A

A disease that occurs due to genetic mutations. It can be inherited or acquired.

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14
Q

What are some examples of genetic diseases?

A

• Down syndrome – A genetic condition where a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.

• Haemophilia – An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot due to insufficient clotting factors.

• Cystic fibrosis – Accumulation of sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive system.

• Turner syndrome – A completely or partially missing X chromosome.

• Triple X syndrome – A genetic condition where a female is born with an extra X chromosome.

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15
Q

What is a physiological type of disease?

A

A disease that occurs as a result of malfunctioning of the organs or systems of the body.

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16
Q

What are some examples of physiological diseases?

A

• Asthma

• Diabetes

• Rheumatoid arthritis (Autoimmune disorder)

• Multiple sclerosis (Myelin)

• Hypertension

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17
Q

What is an infectious type of disease?

A

A disease caused by pathogens.

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18
Q

What are different transmission routes for infection diseases?

A

• Passed from person to person.

• Transmitted by insects to humans.

• Animals to humans (Zoonosis).

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19
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

An infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

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20
Q

What is an acute infection?

A

An infection that lasts for short time (short-term infection).

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21
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

An infection that persists for a long time.

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22
Q

What is a vector?

A

A living organism that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans.

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23
Q

What is a sign?

A

An objective indicator of illness that others may be able to observe for example frequent sneezing, high temperature, blood pressure, but only trained health workers can associate with a particular disease.

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24
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Subjective sensations of illness in the body that only the person who is unwell can experience for example pain, blurred vision, tiredness.

25
Q

What are the several types of pathogens?

A

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Protozoa (Amoeba)

• Fungi

• Helminths (Parasite worm)

• Ectoparasites (Flea, lives outside the host)

•Prions

26
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic single-called organism.
Can be grouped as gram positive and negative.
Different shapes.

27
Q

What is the difference between gram positive bacteria and gram negative?

A

• Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide.

• Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the gram-negatives.

28
Q

What are some examples of pathogenic bacteria? What are some diseases they cause?

A

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani.

• Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Plague, Tetanus, Pneumonia, Diarrhoea.

29
Q

What are viruses? What are they made of?

A

Is an obligate (restricted to a particular function or mode of life) intercellular (not-infective outside the cell) parasite.

Each viral particle (virion, what it is outside) consists of a DNA or RNA.
A typical virus consists of a protective protein coat (capsid).
Some have an envelope.
Viral encoded glycoproteins (spike projections) e.g. neuramindiase and hemagglutinin expressed on influenza A viruses.

30
Q

What are some viral diseases?

A

Measles, influenza, and polio.

31
Q

What are protozoa pathogens?

A

Unicellular eukaryotes.

Many spend their life in arthropod host such as mosquitoes or flies.

32
Q

What are some protozoan parasites and diseases?

A

Plasmodium spp. causing malaria infection.

Trypanosoma brucei (bugs) causing African sleeping sickness.

Leishmania spp. (sandflies) causing leishmaniasis.

33
Q

What are fungi?

A

Any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter.

Eukaryotes; can be unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial (one cell with multiply nuclei).

34
Q

What are fungal and cutaneous infections?

A

Mycoses (infections) can result due to injury or inhalation.

Cutaneous infections includes attacks on the skin, nails, or hair e.g. ring worm, athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch.

35
Q

What is candida?

A

Part of the normal flora of oral activity, genitalia, skin or large intestine.

36
Q

What is oral candidiasis?

A

Thrush caused by Candida spp.

37
Q

What are helminths?

A

Parasitic worms, eukaryotic multicellular endoparasites (live inside the host).

Grouped into roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (Platyhelminthes including cestodes, trematodes …).

Evolved evasive strategies to prolong survival in host.

38
Q

Provide the names of some types of helminths.

A

Trematodes (flukes), Cestodes (tapeworm), and soil-transmitted helminths.

Fasciola hepatica, Taenia saginata (found in intestines), Ascaris lumbricoides.

39
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

Organisms that are found on the outer surface of the host. Ectoparasites causing human diseases are arthropods; insects (6-legged arthropods) and arachnids (8-legged arthropods).

40
Q

What are some examples of ectoparasites?

A

• Fleas – causing pulicosis

• Lice – causing pediculosis

• Tick – Lime disease, Powassan fever

• Mite – dust mite causing asthma

41
Q

What are prions? How do they work?

A

Not organisms, they are misfolded infectious proteins. They do not contain genetic material.

42
Q

What are prion diseases also known as?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

43
Q

What is the difference between a normal and a disease-causing prion?

A

The PrP has been shown to participate in several biological processes, including neuritogenesis, neuronal homeostasis, cell signalling, cell adhesion, and a protective role against stress.

• The normal prion protein is thought to be made up of flexible coils referred to as alpha helices; however, in the abnormally folded form, these helices are stretched out into densely packed structures called beta-sheets.

44
Q

What are some commonly known prion diseases that affect humans?

A

• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CDJ)

• Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS)

• Fatal Familial Insomnia

45
Q

What are some ways infections get transmitted to humans?

A

• Direct person-to-person

• Indirect person-to-person

• Animal-to-human (Zoonotic infection)

• Insect-to-human

46
Q

What are some examples of direct person-to-person way of transmission?

A

• Mother-to-child transmission

• Handshake

• Sexual contact or touch

47
Q

What are some examples of indirect person-to-person way of transmission?

A

• Airborne transmission

• Faecal-oral

• Waterborne

• Foodborne

• Formite (inanimate objects contaminated with pathogens)

• Bloodborne

48
Q

What are some examples of animal-to-human ways of transmission (zoonotic)?

A

• Toxoplasmosis - undercooked meat, soil, cat faeces.

• Trichinosis - infected meat.

• Rabies - disease of dogs/mammals that gets transmitted through saliva to humans (hydrophobia).

49
Q

What are some examples of insect-to-human ways of transmission?

A

• Vector-borne diseases:

~ Malaria infection by mosquitoes
~ African sleeping sickness by Tsetse flies
~ Leishmaniasis by sandflies

50
Q

What is mortality?

A

It refers to deaths in a population.

51
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

Refers to how many deaths occur in a population over a given time. It is typically expressed per 1000 or 100,000 individuals.

52
Q

Measures of mortality includes:

A

• Infant mortality rate

• Under-5 mortality rate

• Maternal mortality ratio

53
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of infant’s death between birth and one year of age per 1000 live births.

54
Q

What is under-5 mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.

55
Q

What is maternal mortality ratio rate?

A

The number of female patients dying from pregnancy-related issues per 100,000 live births.

56
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Refers to illnesses, diseases or disorders.

57
Q

What does “DALYs” stand for?

A

Disability-Adjusted Life Years.

58
Q

What does “DALYs” mean? What are they used for?

A

Years of Life Lost (YLL) + Years Lived With Disability (YLD).

a.k.a

Mortality + Morbidity

• Used to quantify the overall burden of disease on a population.

Physiology And Disease (16 decks)

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