Lecture 2: Classification and Diagnosis Flashcards
When was psychoanalytic model most dominant?
during first half of 20thC
Outline the constituents psychoanalytic model.
• Id (Das Es) – Born, instinctual drives – libido: energy derived from id • Ego (Das Ich) – Begins to develop at age 2 – ‘conscious self’ (thinking, problem solving, language) • Superego (Über-Ich) – Develops at about age 5-6 – Moral self, conscience – Resolution of Oedipus conflict • Psychosexual stages of development – Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital – e.g., Oedipus conflict
how does the psychoanalytic model actually explain shit? what is important to note about it?
•Unresolved conflict between id, ego, superego (e.g., unresolved Oedipus conflict) –> anxiety To avoid pain of unresolved conflict –> ego develops defence mechanisms • Repress id impulses into unconscious • Distort id impulses into acceptable forms – Displacement – Reaction formation – Projection – Sublimation
NB: A normal process, we all experience it
What is important about defence mechanisms? what suffering is specific or more caused by which ones? What is impt to note?
- they can be more or less successful – displacement depression – projection paranoia – reaction formation overprotection, dependence – repression obsessiveness
NB: The same process explains both ‘normal’ and
‘abnormal’ behaviour, emotion, thought.
what is reaction formation. How is it different to projection? which defence mechanism is most socially useful?
“believing the opposite,” is changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite.
- e.g. So a child, angry at his or her mother, may become overly concerned with her and rather dramatically shower her with affection. Or someone who can’t accept a homosexual impulse may claim to despise homosexuals
Different to projection, which simply is tendency to see your own unacceptable desires in other people.
- e.g. a woman finds herself having vaguely sexual feelings about her girlfriends. Instead of acknowledging those feelings as quite normal, she becomes increasingly concerned with the presence of lesbians in her community.
Sublimation (expressions of strong libidinal drives channeled into other places of achievement)
- e.g. So someone with a great deal of hostility may become a hunter
what did psychoanalytic model achieve or do in general (3)?
• revolutionalised the concept of mental illness.
• popularised the concept of neurosis.
• made no clear dividing line between normal
and abnormal conditions and processes.
what criticisms does psychoanalytic model receive
• Critiques:
– limited empirical evidence
– lack of falsifiability
(- sexist)
What did Rogers and Maslow suggest about psychological health respectively?
Fully functioning, Selfactualised
persons
What does humanistic model suggest maladjustment comes from?
– environment imposes conditions of worth – own experience, emotions, needs, are blocked – self-actualisation thwarted
what treatment does humanist suggest?
Treatment: empathy,
unconditional positive regard
what criticisms can be made of humanistic model? what assumptions do they make?
Critique: difficult to research
Assumption is that we grew up in restrictive environments. (leads to Idea that if we develop without restrictions we will become self-actualised.)
how does behavioural model say maladjustment results?
Maladjustment results from learning history
Many treatment applications
what criticism does behavioural model get? elaborate
Critiques: cognition important
–Observational learning /modeling (Bandura, 1974)
• Incorporated cognition to behaviourism
what model currently dominates in terms of psychological models? whats its main theme?
CB model.
What we think influences what we feel and do.
How does CB model explain maladjustment or maladaptive behaviour?
– latent core negative beliefs (Aaron Beck).
• Interpretation of experiences: consistent with
core negative beliefs
• cognitive biases (overgeneralisation, selective
attention, catastrophising, personalising,
magnification, mistaking feelings for facts, etc).
• negative automatic thoughts
summarise the causes and treatments of the models of psychological explanation
•Psychoanalytic • Cause: repression of unresolved conflict –Treatment: insight •Behavioural • Cause: learned responses to stimuli –Treatment: new learning •Humanistic • Cause: thwarted self-actualisation –Treatment: empathy, unconditional positive regard •Cognitive • Cause: negative core beliefs, biased thinking –Treatment: cognitive restructuring
why classify why diagnose? (4)
–Improve communication between researchers –Improve communication between health professionals –May improve communication and understanding of mental health in the community –May reduce social stigma
what is the ICD?
•International Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems (ICD).
–Published by the World Health Organisation.
–Mental disorders added for the first time in 1948.
–Currently in 10th edition => ICD11 is in beta-version
what makes ICD different from DSM?
ICD and DSM are not the same
–Mixed Anxiety-Depression, Generalised Anxiety
Disorder, Binge Eating Disorder
what are some changes encompassed by DSM-5?
•Changes in the DSM:
–Homosexuality removed from the DSM in 1973
–Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) first
introduced in DSM-III-R (1987)
–Binge Eating Disorder (BED) first included in
DSM-5 (2013)
–Asperger’s Disorder deleted from DSM-5 (2013)
how do you diagnose major depressive disorder?
• Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depressive Episode):
– Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
– Markedly diminished pleasure/interest in activities
– Significant weight loss or gain
– Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
– Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
– Fatigue/loss of energy nearly every day
– Feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt nearly every day
– Diminished ability to concentrate nearly every day
– Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide, suicide attempts
– 5 or more is needed, (incl 1/ or 2/) in a 2-week period
