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BIO287 Plant Diversity > Lecture 2: Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Draw and label a plant cell with; vacuole, cell wall, cytosol, plasma membrane, golgi body, nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER.

A

Slide 2

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2
Q

What is an ‘Apical Meristem?”

A
  • These are found at the tips of all roots and stems. This is where rapid cell division takes place and from which the primary meristematic tissues arise.
  • The primary meristems are partially differentiated tissues which can divide for some time until they differentiate into specific cell types
  • The fate of a cell is determined by its position in the growing plant.
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3
Q

Draw and Label an apical meristem flow chart.

A

Slide 3

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4
Q

Define differentiation in terms of a meristematic cell

A

• Numerous cell types can arise (differentiate) from a basic meristematic cell. Cells can be specialised for function eg. storage, secretion, transport, strength

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5
Q

Draw the basic structure of a leaf and label

A

Slide 6

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6
Q

Draw the basic structure of a stem and label

A

Slide 6

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7
Q

Draw the basic structure of a root and label

A

Slide 6

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8
Q

Name the three types of cells in a ground tissue system, are these simple or complex tissues? why?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. these are all simple tissues (ie. composed of only one type of cell), in comparison the vascular tissue systems are complex tissues

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9
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

the epidermis is the outer cell layer of the primary plant body, they are mostly unspecialised cells but there also guard cells and trichomes (hairs).

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10
Q

What is Cutin and why is the cuticle made of it? What is cutin composed of?

A

Cutin is a lipid and is made of waxes, Cutin prevents water loss (hydrophobic)

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11
Q

Describe the thickness of the cuticle in both mesophytes and xerophytes.

A

The cuticle is thin in mesophytes and thick in xerophytes

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12
Q

What is Stomata and what is the function?

A

The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized [parenchyma] cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the opening.Air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through these openings where it is used in photosynthesis and respiration, respectively. Also, water vapor is released into the atmosphere through these pores in a process called transpiration.

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13
Q

What is a parenchyma cell? What do they make up?

A

the most common of the ground tissues, makes up the cortex, pith and leaf mesophyll and the flesh of most fruits

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14
Q

What shape are parenchyma cells usually?

A

in general cells are isodiametric with intercellular spaces

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15
Q

What are the main purposes of Parenchyma cells?

A

Photosynthesis, storage and secretion.

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16
Q

Are parenchyma living or dead at maturity?

A

Living at maturity and are capable of cell division.

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17
Q

Are collenchyma cells living or dead at maturity?

A

Living and capable of cell division.

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18
Q

Where is collenchyma usually located?

A

usually in discrete strands or cylinders beneath the epidermis (celery)

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19
Q

What is the primary function of collenchyma?

A

Their primary function is support.

20
Q

What are sclerenchyma characterised by?

A

thick secondary cell walls.

21
Q

Draw and label a plant cell with; vacuole, cell wall, cytosol, plasma membrane, golgi body, nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER.

A

Slide 2

22
Q

What is an ‘Apical Meristem?”

A
  • These are found at the tips of all roots and stems. This is where rapid cell division takes place and from which the primary meristematic tissues arise.
  • The primary meristems are partially differentiated tissues which can divide for some time until they differentiate into specific cell types
  • The fate of a cell is determined by its position in the growing plant.
23
Q

Draw and Label an apical meristem flow chart.

A

Slide 3

24
Q

Define differentiation in terms of a meristematic cell

A

• Numerous cell types can arise (differentiate) from a basic meristematic cell. Cells can be specialised for function eg. storage, secretion, transport, strength

25
Q

Draw the basic structure of a leaf and label

A

Slide 6

26
Q

Draw the basic structure of a stem and label

A

Slide 6

27
Q

Draw the basic structure of a root and label

A

Slide 6

28
Q

Name the three types of cells in a ground tissue system, are these simple or complex tissues? why?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. these are all simple tissues (ie. composed of only one type of cell), in comparison the vascular tissue systems are complex tissues

29
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

the epidermis is the outer cell layer of the primary plant body, they are mostly unspecialised cells but there also guard cells and trichomes (hairs).

30
Q

What is Cutin and why is the cuticle made of it? What is cutin composed of?

A

Cutin is a lipid and is made of waxes, Cutin prevents water loss (hydrophobic)

31
Q

Describe the thickness of the cuticle in both mesophytes and xerophytes.

A

The cuticle is thin in mesophytes and thick in xerophytes

32
Q

What is Stomata and what is the function?

A

The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized [parenchyma] cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the opening.Air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through these openings where it is used in photosynthesis and respiration, respectively. Also, water vapor is released into the atmosphere through these pores in a process called transpiration.

33
Q

What is a parenchyma cell? What do they make up?

A

the most common of the ground tissues, makes up the cortex, pith and leaf mesophyll and the flesh of most fruits

34
Q

What shape are parenchyma cells usually?

A

in general cells are isodiametric with intercellular spaces

35
Q

What are the main purposes of Parenchyma cells?

A

Photosynthesis, storage and secretion.

36
Q

Are parenchyma living or dead at maturity?

A

Living at maturity and are capable of cell division.

37
Q

Are collenchyma cells living or dead at maturity?

A

Living and capable of cell division.

38
Q

Where is collenchyma usually located?

A

usually in discrete strands or cylinders beneath the epidermis (celery)

39
Q

What is the primary function of collenchyma?

A

Their primary function is support.

40
Q

What are sclerenchyma characterised by?

A

thick secondary cell walls.

41
Q

What is the primary function of sclerenchyma?

A

their primary function is strengthening and support in the plant parts that have ceased elongating

42
Q

Are sclerenchyma living or dead at maturity?

A

Generally dead

43
Q

List the cell types of Xylem and name the principal function of each.

A

Tracheary elements (Tracheids and vessel elements) - Conduction of water and minerals
Fibres - Support, sometimes storage
Parenchyma - Storage

44
Q

list the cell types of Phloem and name the principal function of each.

A

Sieve Elements (Sieve cells and sieve tube elements) - Long distance conduction of food materials.
Sclerenchyma (FIbres and sclerieds) - Support, sometimes storage.
Parenchyma - storage.

45
Q

Xylem - Both tracheids and vessel elements can be found in ________, but only tracheids are found in _________.

A

Angiosperms… Seedles vascular plants and angiosperms.

46
Q

What are the pros and cons of vessel elements in Xylem?

A

Pro - Solutes dont need to transverse membranes.

Cons - Air bubble can block whole vessel rather than just one cell.

47
Q

the principal conducting cells in the phloem are the sieve tube elements (found in ______) and the sieve cells (Found in __________)

A

Angiosperms….. Gymnosperms.

BIO287 Plant Diversity (2 decks)

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