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Biology 266 > Lecture 2: Cells and Organelles II > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cells and Organelles II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton filaments

A

(1) microtubules: 25nm diameter, built of protein, helps separate cells during cell division.
(2) actin filaments: 8nm diameter, built of protein actin, contract muscle.
(3) intermediate filaments: 10nm in diameter, strengthens cell.

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2
Q

The smooth ER forms

A

a network of tubules.

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3
Q

Evolution of mitochondria

A

Aerobic prokaryote ingested by ancient eukaryote and live in symbiosis. This would explain the double membrane mitochondria.

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4
Q

Medicinal biology: lysosomal diseases

A

Gaucher disease- mutation in gene that encode lysosomal acid hydrolases required for the hydrolysis of the glycolipid glucocerebroside to glucose and ceramide causing undegraded material to accumulate.

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5
Q

What are the 2 faces of the Golgi apparatus

A

(1) cis-face: toward ER side, proteins enter.

(2) trans-face: oriented toward plasma membrane, proteins exit.

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6
Q

Lipid oxidation in peroxisomes in contrast to lipid oxidation in mitochondria

A

In contrast to lipid oxidation in mitochondria it is not linked to ATP synthesis.

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7
Q

What do degradative enzymes hydrolyse and where are they located?

A

(1) they are located in the lysosome organelle.

(2) they hydrolyse nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

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8
Q

3 pathways for delivering material to lysosome

A

(1) endocytosis: small molecules taken up from outside of cell.
(2) phagocytosis: large particles such as bacteria, debris, aged organelles taken up from outside the cell.
(3) autophagy: digestion of cells own component. (ER wrapped around aged organelle).

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9
Q

What are the types of lysosomes

A

(1) primary lysosome: spherical, standard lysosome.
(2) secondary lysosome: larger irregular shaped, result of fusion with other lysosomes with aged organelles actively degrading. Process of being digested.

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10
Q

Hypothesis of the evolution of the nucleus and ER

A
  • single DNA molecule attached to plasma membrane in bacteria (prokaryotic).
  • DNA invaginated forming a double layer membrane around it.
  • eventually part of double membrane is pinched off producing a nuclear compartment.
  • other portions of the membrane form the ER.
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11
Q

Functions of Golgi Apparatus in plants

A

where polysaccharides are synthesized.

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12
Q

Endo-membrane system consists of

A
  • ER,
  • Golgi,
  • nuclear enveloppe
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13
Q

How does endo-membrane system communicate with extracellular space?

A

secretory vesicles.

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14
Q

Peroxisomes are surrounded by a double membrane and do not contain DNA or ribosomes (T/F)

A

False, they are surrounded by single membrane.

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15
Q

Proteins destined for secretion into

A

plasma membrane, or lysosomes.

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16
Q

Evolution of chloroplasts

A
  • photosynthetic bacteria taken up by aerobic eukaryote.
  • acquire nutritional independence by the ability to perform photosynthesis.
  • endosymbiosis was advantages therefor kept chloroplast.
17
Q

The rough ER forms

A

oriented stacks of flattened cristae.

18
Q

The purpose of ER-Golgi

A
  • First stop after exiting the ER before entering the Golgi apparatus.
  • intermediate compartment.
  • protein quality control station.
19
Q

The Golgi is a dynamic organelle (T/F)

A

True.

20
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is

A
  • a network of interconnected internal membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm.
  • the largest organelle of most eukaryotic cells.
21
Q

Function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • determines cell shape and organization of the cytoplasm.

- responsible for movement of organelles and cell division.

22
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A
  • Breaking down organelles and intracellular material that are no longer useful.
  • membrane enclosed organelles that contain over 50 degradative enzymes.
23
Q

Function of rough ER

A

Synthesize proteins, and undergo glycosylation, then sent to the Golgi.

24
Q

The ER lumen is the

A

area enclosed by the continuous folds of ER membrane.

25
Q

Where do proteins synthesized in free ribosomes go, and which kind of proteins are synthesized?

A

(1) Back to the cells nucleus.

(2) Proteins such as DNA polymerase are synthesized on free ribosomes.

26
Q

How is the lumen of lysosome maintained at acidic pH

A

The lumen is maintained in acidic conditions because, it uses ATPase pump consuming ATP, and proton thus, expelling ADP.

27
Q

Organization of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • composed of flattened membrane enclosed sacs for cisternae and associated vesicles.
  • located near the cell nucleus.
28
Q

Function of the ER and Golgi apparatus

A
  • ER: manufactures, and sorts proteins,

- Golgi: transports proteins,

29
Q

How is the mitochondria similar to a bacterial cell

A
  • double membraned.
  • size.
  • reproduce by dividing in two.
  • contain their own DNA, encoding for some of their components.
  • contain their own ribosome, producing some of their own proteins.
30
Q

Function of transitional ER

A

-where secretory vesicles are formed and exit toward the ERGIC then the Golgi while carrying proteins, and lipids.

31
Q

Types of ER

A

Rough, Smooth, and transitional.

32
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

(1) Synthesis of lipids.

(2) Lipids are then transferred to their organelle destination by either vesicles or carrier proteins.

33
Q

Lysosome enzymes are

A

Acids hydrolases, which are active in acidic conditions, and maintained within the lysosome, but not at neutral conditions as, in the cytosol.

34
Q

How is the region of smooth and rough ER connected

A

(1) the rough ER forms flattened stacks of cristernae. Ribosomes attach to the cytosolic surface of the rough ER.
(2) the smooth ER is connected to the cristernae forming tubules.

35
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

(1) oxidation of fatty acids leads to harmful hydrogen peroxide.
(2) degradation of hydrogen peroxide.
(3) biosynthesis of pasmologens.
(4) in plants, it converts stored fatty acid into carbohydrates, providing energy.

Biology 266 (15 decks)

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