lecture 2 cells and organelles

Question 1

what are cells?

Answer 1

Cells are the smallest, basic, living, structural and functional unit of the body.

Question 2

what are the four things that cells do?

Answer 2

1) Provide compartments for chemical reactions to take place within specialised structures
2) Control the movement of substances into and out of the cell
3) Reproduction and inheritance
4) Synthesis of molecules

Question 3

what does reproduction and inheritance have to do with cells?

Answer 3

each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual. Specialized cells (sperm cells and oocytes) transmit that genetic information to the next generation

Question 4

what does synthesis of molecules have to do with cells?

Answer 4

cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The different cells of the body do not all produce the same molecules. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of cells are determined by the types of molecules they produce

Question 5

what is cytology?

Answer 5

study of cellular structure

Question 6

what is cell physiology?

Answer 6

study of cellular function

Question 7

what is cell theory?
hint there are 3 points

Answer 7

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms.
3. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

Question 8

some examples of cells that are specially adapted for their function?

Answer 8

neural, blood and skin cells

Question 9

How big are cells and why?

Answer 9

Most cells are relatively small because as size increases, volume increases much more rapidly meaning a longer diffusion time

Question 10

details about prokaryotes :)
3 points

Answer 10

1. Simple cell structure
2. No nucleus
3. E.g. bacteria

Question 11

details about bacteria :)
4 points

Answer 11

1. Small cells, 1 μm – 10 μm in diameter
2. Very abundant in environment and our bodies
3. Vast majority are not harmful to humans
4. Some species cause disease

Question 12

details about eukaryotes :)
4 points

Answer 12

1. More complex cells
2. DNA enclosed within membrane-bound nucleus
3. Internal membranes form organelles
4. e.g. plant and animal cells

Question 13

where are the two types of typical bacteria cells found?

Answer 13

1. inside the plasma membrane
2. outside the plasma membrane

Question 14

3 things found inside the plasma membrane of a typical bacteria cell?

Answer 14

1. Cytoplasm – contained within plasma membrane
2. Nucleoid region – where DNA is located
3. Ribosomes – synthesize proteins

Question 15

3 things found outside the plasma membrane of a typical bacteria cell?

Answer 15

1. Cell wall – provides support and protection
2. Glycocalyx – traps water, gives protection, help evade immune system
3. Appendages – pilli (attachment), flagella (movement)

Question 16

what is DNA housed inside?

Answer 16

DNA is housed inside membrane-bound nucleus.
Compartmentalized functions
Organelles

Question 17

what do non-membranous organelles lack?

Answer 17

Non-membranous organelles lack membranes & are in direct contact with cytoplasm

Question 18

what are membranous organelles surrounded by?
what does each have?

Answer 18

Membranous organelles surrounded by one or two lipid bilayer membranes
Each has a unique structure and function

Answer 19

Variety
- Shape, size, and organization of cells vary considerably
- Differences between species
- Differences between specialized cell types