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Dental management of the Medically Complex Patient > Lecture 2- Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q
  • The number of conditions
  • The complexity of conditions
  • The number of medications

Are DIRECTLY proportional to:

A

Combinations and permutations of dental treatments

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2
Q

Many chronic disorders or their treatments necessitate modification of dental treatment. The following conditions brought forth what changes in the dental field:

  1. hepatitis (1982)
  2. AIDs (1990)
  3. Covid-19 (2019)
A
  1. gloves
  2. PPE
  3. PPE & vaccines
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3
Q

Clinicians must practice so that the ____ of dental treatment will ______ of a medical complication occurring either during treatment or as a result of treatment

A

benefit; outweigh the risks

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4
Q

Most common cause of premature death in the world:

A

CVD

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5
Q

T/F: It is rare that a person will have just one type of cardiovascular disease

A

True- often they have a combination of multiple

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6
Q

Patients with cardiovascular disease frequently have:

A

more than one CVD

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7
Q

List some examples of CVDs: (6)

A
  1. HTN
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Angina pectoris
  4. CHF
  5. Arrythmias
  6. Bacterial endocarditis
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8
Q

Of the following conditions, which is the least likely to progress

  1. HTN
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Angina pectoris
  4. CHF
  5. Arrythmias
  6. bacterial endocarditis
A

Bacterial endocarditis

(An infectious disease process that is more related to the risk of getting certain bacteria and also genetic predisposition to it as well)

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9
Q

Coronary artery disease that leads to infarction:

A

Atherosclerosis (Atherosclerotic heart disease) (ASHD)

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10
Q

Type of CVD characterized by infection, inflammation & scarring of cardiac tissues:

A

Bacterial endocarditis

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11
Q

Type of CVD characterized by dilated ventricles with weak muscle & thickened myocardium:

A

CHF

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12
Q

Type of CVD characterized by uncoordinated electrical signals:

A

Arrhythmia

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13
Q

Common arrhythmias include:

A

Bradycardia & tachycardia

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14
Q

Type of CVD characterized by stenotic heart that is not capable of full closure for blood circulation and leads to CHF:

A

Valvular disease

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15
Q

What can valvular disease lead to?

A

CHF

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16
Q

List the categories of CVD risk factors:

A
  1. conditions
  2. behavioral
  3. family history
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17
Q

What are some conditions that serve as risk factors for CVD:

A
  1. HTN
  2. High cholesterol
  3. DM
  4. Rheumatic fever
  5. greater than 1 CVD
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18
Q

How does the condition HTN serve as a risk factor for CVD?

A
  1. Stiffens vessels which reduces blood flow
  2. puts patient at risk for stroke, kidney disease & dementia
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19
Q

How does the condition diabetes serve as a risk factor for CVD?

A

unstable glucose levels affect healthy mycocardium function; angiopathy

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20
Q

What are some behavioral factors that serve as risk factors for CVD:

A
  1. unhealthy diet
  2. physical inactivity
  3. obesity
  4. excessive alcohol
  5. tobacco use
  6. stress
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21
Q

What aspects of an unhealthy diet may contribute to risk factors for CVD?

A
  1. carbs
  2. fats
  3. caffeine
  4. sodium
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22
Q

Why is obesity a risk factor for CVD?

A

Excessive weight stresses heart function, and leads to HTN & CAD

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23
Q

How does physical inactivity lead to CVD?

A

Poor circulation

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24
Q

How does too much alcohol put one at risk for CVD?

A

increases blood pressure and arrhythmias

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25
Q

How does tobacco use put one at risk for CVD?

A

Increases HR, BP, CAD, etc.

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26
Q

List some components of family history that serve as risk factors for CAD?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Ethnicity
  3. Aging
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27
Q

What are some contributory anatomic abnormalities that puts one at risk for CVD?

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Dilation
  3. Valves
  4. Regurgitation
  5. Stenosis
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28
Q

When the heart has to work harder to pump blood, leading to a larger, less efficient heart:

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

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29
Q

What are some physiologic changes that occur in the heart due to prior abnormalities (atherosclerosis, HTN, HLP)

Asking for more advanced heart conditions due to the earlier conditions not being treated properly)

A
  1. Arrhythmias
  2. heart failure
  3. ischemia
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30
Q

In terms of cardiac classification, which patients will we treat at UMKC?

A

Only Class I or II

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31
Q

New York Heart Associatiation Heart Failure Classification (Symptom Based):

Physical activity: no limitation
No dyspnea, fatigue or palpitations with physical activity

A

Class I

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32
Q

New York Heart Associatiation Heart Failure Classification (Symptom Based):

Physical activity: slight limitation
Fatigue, dyspnea & palpitations are present with physical activity

A

Class II

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33
Q

New York Heart Associatiation Heart Failure Classification (Symptom Based):

Physical activity: marked limitation
Less than normal physical activity results in symptoms. Comfortable at rest

A

Class III

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34
Q

New York Heart Associatiation Heart Failure Classification (Symptom Based):

Physical activity: severely limited (exacerbates symptoms)
Symptoms present at rest

A

Class IV

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35
Q

As a dentist a stage IV patient is a patient we don’t want to treat at all unless:

A

dental emergency (best done in hospital setting)

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36
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Elevated BP

A

Sign

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37
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Irregular or abnormal heart rate

A

Sign

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38
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Abnormal respiratory rate

A

Sign

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39
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Patient is uncomfortable in supine position

A

Symptom

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40
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Shortness of breath upon exertion

A

Sign

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41
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Prolonged bleeding/easy bruising

A

Sign

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42
Q

Categorize the following as a sign or symptom of cardiovascular disease:

Surgical scars

A

Sign

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43
Q

The sign- prolonged bleeding/easy bruising we see in patients with cardiac disease, is often times attributed to:

A

medications the patient may be taking to control their cardiac disease

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44
Q

The less symptoms & the better the control of risk factors:

THEN The ____ a patient manages the stress

AND the ____ likely the patient will have a life threatening incident during a dental procedure

A

better; less

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45
Q

The greater symptoms & the poorer the control of risk factors:

THEN The ____ a patient manages the stress

AND the ____ likely the patient will have a life threatening incident during a dental procedure

A

worse; more

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46
Q

Medical risk categories of dental treatment:

A
  1. low level intervention
  2. moderation intervention
  3. high risk intervention
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47
Q

List some examples of LOW LEVEL intervention of dental treatment:

A
  1. health/medical evaluation
  2. exams
  3. prophy
  4. radiographs
  5. optical oral scans
  6. alginate impressions
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48
Q

List some examples of MODERATE LEVEL intervention of dental treatment:

A
  1. SRP
  2. simple restorative procedures; 1-2 teeth
  3. simple extractions; 1-2 teeth
  4. restorative impressions needing retractions & longer setting times
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49
Q

List some examples of HIGH RISK LEVEL intervention of dental treatment:

A
  1. complex restorative procedures; 2+ teeth
  2. multiple extractions
  3. surgical extractions
  4. implant placement
  5. full arch impressions
  6. dental care under general anesthesia
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50
Q

It is ideal if high risk intervention procedures are done in facilities with:

A

more medical support (in terms of equipment & personnel)

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51
Q

Blood pressure =

A

CO x Peripheral resistance

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52
Q

What are some factors that affect cardiac output:

A

Cardiac factors: HR & contractility

Blood volume: sodium, mineralocorticoids, ANP

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53
Q

Both ___ & ___ factors effect peripheral resistance

A

humoral & neural

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54
Q

A complex physiologic arrangement that functions to maintain physiologic BP when BP is low:

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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55
Q

FITB

A

a) angiotensinogen
b) angiotensin I
c) angiotensin II
c1) AT1
c2) AT2
d) angiotensin (1-7)

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56
Q

FITB

A

a) renin
b) ACE
c) ACE2

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57
Q

FITB

A

a) raises BP
b) lowers BP

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58
Q

ACE inhibitors:

A

Type of medication patients take to prevent the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system from raising BP

(ultimately lower BP)

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59
Q

What type of HTN is being described?

-multi-factorial
-gene-environemnt
-90-95% of cases

A

Primary HTN

(not 100% sure what causes it)

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60
Q

What type of HTN is being described?

-renal disease and renin-producing tumors
-endocrine issues
-cardiovascular issues
-neurologic issues

A

Secondary HTN

(other disease processes cause it)

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61
Q

What are some endocrine conditions that may cause HTN?

A
  1. Adrenal (hormones)
  2. Exogenous hormones
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Pheochromocytoma
  5. Thyroid (can also decrease BP)
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62
Q

Blood pressure in pregnancy patients can be anywhere from ____ to ____ higher than their baseline BP due to increased physiologic demands

A

10; 20

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63
Q

What are some neurologic conditions that may cause HTN?

A
  1. Psychogenic
  2. Sleep apnea
  3. Intracranial vascular pressure
  4. Exogenous
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64
Q

What are the two main things HTN can lead to?

A

CAD & Atherosclerosis

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65
Q

Complications of HTN include:

A
  1. MI
  2. Stoke
  3. CAD
  4. Peripheral artery disease
  5. Heart failure
  6. Retinopathy
  7. End-stage renal disease
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66
Q

The following may all result from:

-stroke
-vision loss
-heart failure
-heart attack
-kidney disease/failure
-sexual dysfunction

A

HTN

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67
Q

T/F: BP categories contain some overlap and are not an exact science

A

True

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68
Q

T/F: 120/80 is considered normal BP

A

False- less than 120/ less than 80

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69
Q

Categorize the following BP:

Systolic: less than 120
Diastolic: less than 80

A

Normal

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70
Q

Categorize the following BP:

Systolic: 120-129
Diastolic: less than 80

A

Elevated

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71
Q

Categorize the following BP:

Systolic: 130-139
Diastolic: 80-89

A

High (HTN stage 1)

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72
Q

Categorize the following BP:

Systolic: 140 or higher
Diastolic: 90 or higher

A

High (HTN Stage 2)

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73
Q

Categorize the following BP:

Systolic: higher than 180
Diastolic: higher than 120

A

Hypertensive crisis

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74
Q

T/F: In order to categorize a patients blood pressure you must take it more than 2 times on 2 separate visits

A

True

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75
Q

BP threshold & recommendations for treatment & follow-up- come up with goals that depend on:

A

patient age & comorbidities

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76
Q

General goals for HTN management are between:

A

Less than 130 to 149 / 80 to 90 mmHg

77
Q

No dental care at UMKC if BP is:

A

greater than or equal to 180/110

78
Q

A BP of 180/120 is classified as _____ by the AHA based on the 2017 guidelines

A

hypertensive emergency

79
Q

Medical management of HTN includes lifestyle modifications. List some examples:

A
  1. diet (increase fruit, decrease sodium, increase potassium)
  2. physical exercise/weight loss
  3. tobacco cessation
  4. alcohol intake reduction
80
Q

How much alcohol is too much?

A

4 drinks a day or more is too much (male)

More than 3 a day is too much (female)

81
Q

T/F: A lifestyle modification in regards to diet that may help to manage HTN includes increasing sodium and decreasing potassium

A

False- decrease sodium & increase potassium

82
Q

List two types of ACE inhibitors & their dental implication:

A
  1. Lisinopril- dry mouth
  2. Captopril- lichenoid drug eruption
83
Q

What are some common side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. angioedema
  2. neutropenia/agranulocytosis
  3. taste disturbances
84
Q

What are some common side effects of sodium channel blockers (anti-arrhythnics class I)?

A
  1. dry mouth
  2. gingival overgrowth
  3. hypersensitivity reaction syndrome
85
Q

List three types of Calcium channel blockers & their dental implication:

A
  1. Nifedipine- angioedema
  2. Diltiazem- angioedema
  3. Amlodipine- lichenoid drug eruption
86
Q

List some common side effects of Calcium channel blockers:

A
  1. gingival overgrowth
  2. dry mouth
  3. taste disturbances
87
Q

List some diuretics & their dental implications:

A
  1. Hydrochlorothyazide- thrombocytopenia & agranulocytosis
  2. Spironolactone- EM, SJS, TEN & drug hypersensitivity reaction
  3. Furosemide- hypersensitivity reaction, angioedema
88
Q

Lisinopril & Captopril are examples of:

A

ACE inhibitors

89
Q

Nifedipine, Diltiazem & Amlodapine are examples of:

A

Calcium-channel blockers

90
Q

Hydrochlorothyazide, Spironolactone & Furosemide are examples of:

A

Diuretics

91
Q

Give an example of an alpha-adrenergic blocker & its dental implication:

A

Methyldopa- dry mouth

92
Q

List some examples of beta adrenergic blockers & their dental implications:

A
  1. Atenolol
  2. Propanolol

Dry mouth & angioedema

93
Q

Methyldopa is an example of:

A

alpha adrenergic blockers

94
Q

Atenolol & Propranolol are examples of:

A

Beta adrenergic blockers

95
Q

Oral manifestations seen in patients with HTN are due to ____ not ____

A

side effects of pharmacotherapy not HTN itself

96
Q

Oral manifestations of pharmacotherapy used to treat HTN include:

A
  1. dry mouth (anti-adrenergics & diuretics)
  2. burning mouth (ACEi)
  3. taste changes (anti-adrenergic & ACEi)
  4. Angioedema (ACEi, ARB)
  5. Gingival hyperplasia (calcium-channel blockers & sodium-channel blockers)
  6. lichenoid reactions (thiazides, methyldopa, propranolol, labetalol)
  7. lupus-like lesions (hydralazine)
97
Q

What can be seen in the following image, what may be the cause of this

A

Gingival hyperplasia: Calcium channel blocker (stimulates the fibroblasts)

98
Q

T/F: Gingival hyperplasia seen in patients taking calcium channel blockers is due to an inflammatory process

A

False- due to stimulation of fibroblasts, not a true inflammatory reaction

(secondarily it becomes inflammatory)

99
Q

What can be seen in the following image, what may be the cause of this?

A

Lichenoid reaction due to HTN medications

(Annular pattern with white striations, ultimately an alteration of the maturation of the tissue where it may be a little thicker or thinner & where its thinner its symptomatic)

100
Q

Dental considerations for the hypertension patient:

(serious potential complications of severe uncontrolled HTN)

A
  1. Stroke
  2. Angina
  3. Arrhythmia
  4. MI
101
Q

What may increase the patients BP and lead to complications?

A

Fear, stress, anxiety

102
Q

For patients taking _____ for HTN, use of a vasoconstrictor can cause an acute rise in BP

A

Nonselective beta blockers

103
Q

For patients taking nonselective beta blockers for HTN, use of a ____ can cause ____

A

Vasoconstrictor; acute rise in BP

104
Q

If patients are sensitive to sudden position changes, this is a sign of:

A

orthostatic hypotension

105
Q

What is a PRE-OP consideration for a hypertensive patient?

A

Reduce stress & anxiety (may need oral or inhalation sedation)

106
Q

What an INTRA-OPERATIVE consideration for hypertensive patient?

A
  1. profound anesthesia*
  2. limit epi to 2 carpules if taking a selective beta-blocker
  3. don’t use epi gingival retraction cord
107
Q

For a patient taking a selective beta blocker, don’t exceed 2 carpules of epi. This is the guidelines for what rule?

A

2-Carp rule

108
Q

What an POST-OPERATIVE consideration for hypertensive patient?

A
  1. Avoid macrolide antibiotics with calcium channel blockers
  2. Avoid longterm use of NSAIDs
  3. Stage 2, monitor BP during treatment and if 180/110 stop
  4. Raise patient slowly after treatment
109
Q

List some cardiac measures regarding anesthetics that you would take for a patient with HTN:

A
  1. Articaine for maxillary blocks & max/mand infiltrations
  2. 2% lidocaine 1:100,000 epi for IANB
  3. 3% Mepivicaine without epi for anesthesia
110
Q

What is the MAX cardiac epi dose?

A

0.04 mg

111
Q

Inflammatory disorder with accumulation of lipid plaque within the arterial walls:

A

atherosclerosis

112
Q

The accumulation of lipid plaque within the arterial walls in atherosclerosis results in:

A
  1. thickened intimal (decreased arterial lumen)
  2. decreased oxygen
  3. decreased blood flow to the myocardium
113
Q

Basically, the decreased blood flow in atherosclerosis can lead to:

A
  1. stenosis
  2. angina
  3. MI
  4. ischemic stroke
  5. peripheral arterial disease
114
Q

Stable ischemic disease:

A

angina

115
Q

Acute ischemic disease:

A

ischemic stroke

116
Q

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include:

A
  1. depression
  2. family history of CVD
  3. insulin resistance
  4. DM
117
Q

DANGEROUS level of

total cholesterol:
LDL:
HDL:

A

total cholesterol: 240+
LDL: 160+
HDL: Under 40 M; Under 50 F

118
Q

AT RISK level of

total cholesterol:
LDL:
HDL:

A

total cholesterol: 200-239
LDL: 100-159
HDL: 40-59 M; 50-59 F

119
Q

HEART HEALTHY level of

total cholesterol:
LDL:
HDL:

A

total cholesterol: under 200
LDL: under 100
HDL: 60+

120
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques can lead to:

A
  1. ischemia
  2. thrombosis (vascular blockage if they rupture)
121
Q

Associated symptoms of atherosclerosis of the circulatory system:

A
  1. chest pain
  2. angina
122
Q

Complications of atherosclerosis of the circulatory system:

A
  1. unstable angina
  2. MI (necrosis)
  3. thrombosis
  4. embolism
  5. aneurysm
123
Q

When atherosclerosis is affecting coronary arteries:

A

CAD

124
Q

Ischemic heart disease occurs when:

A

heart is not getting enough oxygen

125
Q

If a person has atherosclerotic plaques in their coronary arteries this will ____ BP

A

increase

(the increased BP will then lead to more plaques = bad cycle)

126
Q

Chest pain resultant form ischemic changes:

A

angina pectoris

127
Q

Describe how a patient with angina pectoris may present:

A

With mid-chest pain described as aching, heavy, squeezing pressure or tightness

128
Q

Pain from angina pectoris may radiate to ____ and lasts _____ unless unstable and then may be longer

A

shoulder, arms, jaw; 5-15 minutes

129
Q

what is used to resolve angina?

A

medications that result in vasodilation (nitroglycerin)

130
Q

What type of angina is being described?

-imbalanced cardiac perfusion
-stable symtoms, reproducible, predictable, consistent
-chest pain precipitated by physical activity/exertion
-resolves with cessation of activity

A

Stable

131
Q

What type of angina is being described?

-disruption of atherosclerotic plaque
-possible partial thrombosis, embolism or vasospasm
-symptoms increasing
-chest pain at rest or with less intense physical activity

A

unstable

132
Q

Irreversible coagulative necrosis of the myocardium:

A

MI

133
Q

Irreversible coagulative necrosis of the myocardium is characterized by loss of:

A

normal conduction & contraction

134
Q

What ventricle is more common to have an MI?

A

Left

135
Q

Symptoms of an MI are similar to angina +

A
  1. radiating features
  2. severe substernal pain
  3. SOB
  4. profuse sweating
  5. loss of consciousness
136
Q

A person is experiencing angina pain but the pain does NOT resolve with vasodilators and is more prolonged, this is likely:

A

Myocardial infarction

137
Q

If a patient has ischemic heart disease, treatment for HTN may be indicated. What are common HTN medications used to treat ischemic heart disease?

A
  1. Beta-blockers
  2. Calcium channel blockers
138
Q

Calcium channel blockers affect what system?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

139
Q

in a patient with ischemic heart disease ______ agents are used to prevent the buildup of the atherosclerotic plaques to ultimately prevent _____

A

antiplatelet agents (Aspirin & Clopidogrel); stroke

140
Q

List some antiplatelet agents that may be indicated in a patient with ischemic hear disease?

A

Aspirin & Clopidogrel

141
Q

In a patient with ischemic heart disease, what medications may be used to treat HLP?

A
  1. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
  2. Cholesterol absorption inhinitors
  3. Bile acid sequesterants
142
Q

The following classes of medications may be used to treat HLP in patients with ischemic heart disease. Name an examples of each:

  1. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
  2. Cholesterol absorption inhinitors
  3. Bile acid sequesterants
A
  1. Statins
  2. Ezetimibe
  3. Cholestyramine & Colestipol
143
Q

Statins are examples of:

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

144
Q

Recent myocardial infarction of less than one month indicates:

A

Urgent dental care only!! (acute dental pain or infection)

145
Q

What can be used to measure the degree of heart failure. When might we measure this?

A

In patient who has past history of MI (greater than 1 month ago); Ejection fraction

146
Q

Measures the amount (%) of blood that leaves the left ventricle after contraction:

A

Ejection fraction

147
Q

Normal ejection fraction:

A

55-70%

148
Q

In patients on statins, certain ____ will NOT work well

A

CYP inhibitors (fluconazole & clarithromycin)

149
Q

If you give a patient on statins a CYP inhibitor such as fluconazole or clarithromycin, this may:

A

increase statin levels

150
Q

Some of the issues with hyperlipidemia is that these plaques can cause:

A

mineralizations in the intima

151
Q

Some of the issues with hyperlipidemia is that these plaques can cause mineralizations in the intimal. One of these places this occurs in the carotid furcation (C3, C4). Why is this significant? What is this called?

A

Because as a dentist, we may be able to pick this up on a pano; called a carotid atheroma

152
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Carotid atheroma

153
Q

-primary pacemaker
-regulates atrial function
-produces P wave (atrial depolarization)

A

SA node

154
Q

-regulates atrial impulses entering ventricles
-slows conduction rate of SA generated impulses

A

AV node

155
Q

Simultaneous depolarization of the ventricles:

A

QRS complex

156
Q

What test is used to determine if a patient has an arrhythmia?

A

electrocardiogram

157
Q

Disruption of the electrical impulse generation or conduction in the heart leads to abnormal cardiac function including:

A
  1. formation of abnormal impulse
  2. increased impulse formation
  3. enhanced or abnormal impulse formation
  4. delayed depolarization
  5. re-excitation of the heart after refractory period
158
Q

Arrhythmias may be due to disruption of an area caused by:

A
  1. infarction
  2. ischemia
  3. electrolyte imbalance
  4. medication
159
Q

The most common cause of cardiac death is:

A

ventricular fibrillation

160
Q

In addition to cardiovascular disorders causing arrhythmias, pulmonary disorders can also contribute to arrhythmias, including:

A
  1. pneumonia
  2. obstructive lung disease
161
Q

What are the most common classifications of arrhythmias that we will see?

A
  1. atrial tachycardias
  2. heart block
  3. ventricular arrhythmias
162
Q

Less than 60 BPM:

A

Bradycardia

163
Q

Greater than 100 BPM:

A

Tachycardia

164
Q

List some symptoms of arrhythmias:

A
  1. palpitations
  2. fatigue
  3. dizziness
  4. syncope
  5. angina
  6. CHF
  7. SOB
  8. orthopnea
  9. peripheral edema
165
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia?

A

AFIB

166
Q

What are the main risks of AFIB?

A

Embolism & Stroke

167
Q

What type of heart block is considered a complete block and an indication for a pacemaker?

A

Third degree

168
Q

What are the classes of anti-arrhythmics?

A

Class I: Fast sodium channel blockers

Class II: Beta Blockers

Class III: Potassium channel blockers

Class IV: Slow calcium channel blockers

169
Q

List the oral side effects of the following anti-arrhythmic drug:

Class I: Fast sodium channel blockers

A
  1. bitter/metallic taste
  2. dry mouth
  3. petechiae
  4. gingival bleeding
  5. oral ulcerations
170
Q

List the oral side effects of the following anti-arrhythmic drug:

Class II: Beta blockers

A
  1. Taste changes
  2. Lichenoid reactions
171
Q

List the oral side effects of the following anti-arrhythmic drug:

Class III: Potassium channel blockers

A
  1. bitter taste
  2. lichenoid reactions
  3. angioedema
172
Q

List the oral side effects of the following anti-arrhythmic drug:

Class IV: Slow calcium channel blockers

A

Gingival overgrowth

173
Q

List the oral side effects of the following anti-arrhythmic drug:

Class V: Variable mechanisms

A
  1. metallic taste
  2. burning sensation
  3. hyper salivation (toxicity)
174
Q

Baby aspirin is used as an:

A

oral antivoagulant

175
Q

ASA:

A

(acetyl salicylic acid) Aspirin 81mg (low dose)

176
Q

What are the benefits of taken aspirin (81mg - low dose) for anticoagulation for an arrhythmia?

A
  1. inhibits platelet agglutination
  2. platelet count not affected
177
Q

Oral anticoagulant for arrhythmias include:

A
  1. Clopidogrel (Plavix)
  2. ASA (aspirin- low dose)
  3. Warfarin (Coumadin)
178
Q

Plavix is an example of:

A

oral anticoagulant (Clopidogrel)

179
Q

What oral anticoagulant is being described below:

-Vitamin K antagonist
-Requires INR monitoring
-Highly variable

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

180
Q

Coumadin is another name for:

A

Warfarin

181
Q

DOACs:

A

Direct oral anticoagulants

182
Q

DOACs include:

A
  1. direct thrombin inhibitors
  2. direct factors Xa inhibitors
183
Q

T/F: Never stop anticoagulation for dental treatment unless extensive surgery

A

True

184
Q

Why do we NEVER stop anticoagulation for dental treatment unless its an extensive surgery?

A

Risk of thrombosis > Risk of massive bleed

185
Q

T/F: The risk of a massive bleed > the risk of thrombosis

A

False- thrombosis risk is greater

186
Q

What should you do if your patient is on an anticoagulant and they need extensive dental surgery?

A
  1. consult physician
  2. consider referral to specialized center
187
Q

What are some local measures for hemostasis?

A
  1. gelatin sponges (Gelfoam)
  2. oxidized cellulose
  3. chitosan hemostatic products
  4. sutures
  5. gauze with applied pressure
  6. topical tranexamic acid
  7. topical aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
  8. topical thrombin
  9. electrocautery- NOT WITH PACEMAKERS
188
Q

Electrocautery to control local bleeding is contraindicated for:

A

pacemaker patients

189
Q
A

Dental management of the Medically Complex Patient (5 decks)

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