Lecture 2: Basics of Neuropharmacology Flashcards

Question

What is Monoamine oxidase? Protein Targets for Drugs: Enzymes

Answer 1

enzyme 1. Monoamine oxidase, for example, is important for SEROTONIN, NOREPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE. 2. Monoamine oxidase INHIBITORS (MAOIs) were the 'first class' of ANTIDRESSANTS DEVELOPED.

Answer 2

1. Transporters also FACILITATE THE MOVEMENT OF IONS AND SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE. 2. In many cases, they RELY ON 'ATP' TO MOVE THE SUBSTRATE ACROSS ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT. ---- -Active transport --- -Secondary active transport 3. Transporters play an important ROLE IN THE REUPTAKE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AT THE SYNAPSE.

Answer 3

1. NORMAL TRANSPORT - the way transported facilitates movement across the membrane 2. INHIBITOR (on the transporter or external substance blocking the entrance) - TRANSPORT BLOCKED 3. FALSE SUBSTRATE - ABNORMAL COMPOUND ACCUMULATED.

Answer 4

1. Ion channels FOUND in EVERY MICRODOMAIN OF THE NEURON 2. play an IMPORTANT ROLE in FORWARD AND BACKWARD PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC POTENTIALS IN NEURONS. 3. As a result, DRUGS/TOXINS etc that AFFECT ION CHANNELS can EFFECT MULTIPLE NEURONAL FUNCTIONS.

Answer 5

The synapse is the SPACE BETWEEN THE PRE-SYNAPTIC AND POST-SYNAPTIC NEURON/CELLS.

Answer 6

1. Receptors 2. Transporters 3. Ligand-gated ion channels 4. Voltage-gated ion channels 5. Enzymes

Answer 7

ASTROCYTES often EXTEND END FEET THAT SURROUND A NEURONAL SYNAPSE. Astrocyte END FEET ALSO RELEASES CHEMICALS AND HAVE ION CHANNELS RECEPTORS, etc

Answer 8

1. Microglia = described as the IMMUNE CELLS OF THE BRAIN 2. -Microglia ALSO HAVE A ROLE AT HE SYNAPSE 3. -Microglia EXPRESS TRANSPORTERS, ION CHANNELS AND RECEPTORS 4. -ThereforeDRUGS CAN AFFECT MULTIPLE CELLS AT A SYNAPSE, .... "its not as simple as a pre and post-synaptic neuron" "ARTICLE: Increased synapse elimination by microglia in schizophrenia patient-derived models of synaptic pruning"

Answer 9

1. EMBRYONIC AND EARLY POSTNATAL - Activation - Division - Recruitment 2. POSTNATAL - Synaptic Pruning and Maturation 3. ADULT - Basal Transmission and PLasticity SLIDE 17

Answer 10

--- Synapses can be chemical or electrical 1. Chemical synapses: - MOST STUDIED - arguably the MOST COMMON - FORMS INDIRECT COMMUNICATION 2. Electrical synapses - commonly known as GAP JUNCTIONS in the nervous system

Answer 11

HOW IT WORKS? 1. Protein channel that ALLOWS BIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF IONS, 2. METABOLITES, 3. '2ndary' MESSENGERS + SMALL MOLECULES 4. DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS 5. NO DELAY IN TRANSMISSION 6. ALLOWS CELLS/CIRCUITS TO COUPLE WITH EACH OTHER 7. Composed of '2 HEMICHANNELS'

Answer 12

1. In vertebrates, --- the PROTEIN CONNEXIN FORMS THE HEMICHANNELS 2. In invertebrates, --- the PROTEIN INNEXIN FORM HEMI CHANNELS 3. PANNEXIN has been identified in MAMMALIAN NEURONS, but is LESS COMMON THAN CONNEXIN.

Answer 13

1. Occur at DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ACROSS THE NEURON 2. SOME synapses can CONTAIN BOTH CHEMICAL + ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. synapses = ”Mixed synapse” 3. LOCATION OF ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE = will have an EFFECT ON the ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY FOR BOTH NEURONS!!

Answer 14

1. Dendro=dendritics synapse 2. Somato-somatic synapse 3. Axo-axonic synapse 4. Mixed Synapse LOOK AT THE IMAGE, DRAW AND UNDERSTAND THEM

Answer 15

1. In specific neurons and circuits, excess neurotransmitters, molecules, etc, is released that “escapes” the synapse 2. The excess neurotransmitter, molecules, etc, can then affect cells that are nearby 3. Volume transmission (VT) is a widespread mode of intercellular communication that occurs in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain with VT signals moving from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection (flow)

Answer 16

Pure spill over transmission is similar, but is where the COMMUNICATION BETWEEN 2 CELLS IS SOLEY DUE TO THE EXCESS RELEASE OF A NEUROCHEMICAL, MOLECULE etc. To date, there are very few examples of pure spill over in the nervous system