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Immunology Pt. 1 > Lecture 2 - Antibody Structure and Properties > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Antibody Structure and Properties Flashcards

1
Q

Which PRR on macrophages and dentridic cells recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS)?

A

TLR-4. He said memorize this.

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2
Q

Define “polyclonal response.”

A

When many (100s-1000s) different B cells and antigens recognize different epitopes “shapes” on the same antigen.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of multiple myeloma?

A

When one plasma cell becomes neoplastic (loses growth control) and makes TONS of the same antibody.

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4
Q

How does plasma cell neoplasticity result in monoclonal antibody (mAb)?

A

The neoplastic plasma cell hones in on bone marrow and crowds out normal stem cells.

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5
Q

How is monoclonal antibody diagnosed?

A

Loss of heterogeneity of the gamma-globulin region with a monoclonal spike in serum protein.

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6
Q

How many antigen binding sites are on one antibody?

A

Two

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7
Q

On which end of the antibody chains is the variable region located?

A

The N-terminus

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8
Q

What does the Fab consist of?

A

The antigen-binding fragment consists of the N-terminal end of the heavy chain and the entire light chain.

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9
Q

What are complimentarity-determining regions (CDRs)?

A

Hypervariable regions within the variable regions of antibody Fabs. These bind the epitopes.

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10
Q

How many different classes and subclasses of Igs are there? What determines them (Fc or Fab)?

A

Determined by Fc, there are 5 classes: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE.

There are 9 subclasses:
IgG1
IgG2
IgG3
IgG4
IgA1
IgA2
IgM
IgD
IgE
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11
Q

Which two Ig classes can be found as polymers?

A

Pentameric IgM and Dimeric IgA

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12
Q

What protein links the polymeric Igs together? What cells synthesize these proteins?

A

J chains are synthesized by plasma cells.

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13
Q

Can a plasma cell make both monomeric and dimeric IgA?

A

Yeah. Note that plasma cells that make IgM will ONLY make pentameric IgM.

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14
Q

What are BCRs?

A

B cell membrane Igs

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15
Q

What class of Igs are found on naive B cells?

A

IgM and IgD

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16
Q

What class of Igs are found on memory B cells?

A

IgG, IgA, or IgE.

17
Q

Name the four antibody effector functions.

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  4. Mast cell activation
18
Q

Describe neutralization of a virus or toxin by antibody.

A

Free Igs attach to the invader to block its function (eg. block its ability to bind to a host cell).

19
Q

Describe opsonization. Name the Ig isotype.

A

Free IgGs attach to invaders. Then, phagocytic cells’ (macrophages or neutrophils) IgG Fc receptors bind to the Fc fragments of the invader-bound IgGs, which signal to the phagocytes to eat.

20
Q

Describe antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Name the Ig isotype.

A

Free IgGs bind to tumor cells or virally infected cells. FcRs on natrual killer (NK) cells bind to the IgGs on the infected cells and induce apoptosis.

21
Q

What Ig class is involved in opsonization?

A

IgG

22
Q

Describe mast cell activation. Which Ig class is involved?

A

Mast cells have FcE receptors with high affinity for IgE, and bind free IgE. When the IgEs on mast cells bind to antigens (usually from parasitic worms) cross-linking of the IgE occurs, which triggers degranulation of the mast cell.

23
Q

What classes of antibody are found in the blood?

A

Monomeric IgA
IgG
Pentameric IgM

24
Q

What classes of antibody are found in the tissue fluids?

A

Monomeric IgA

IgG

25
Q

What class(es) of antibody are found in the epithelial CT (skin and mucosa)?

A

IgE (captured in mast cells)

26
Q

What class of antibody is found in the secretory glands (gut, glands, etc)?

A

Dimeric IgA

27
Q

What class of antibody crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

28
Q

What antibody is found in mother’s milk?

A

Dimeric IgA

29
Q

What is the half life of IgG? (he said to memorize this)

A

3-4 weeks

30
Q

Which Ig is a baby born with (passive immunity)?

A

IgG

31
Q

What is unique about how secretory Ig is transcytosed across intestinal epithelial cells? Which Ig class is it?

A

Dimeric IgA is synthesized by plasma cells in the CT. The dimeric IgA covalently binds to a poly-Ig-R on the basal surface of the epithelial cell. The Ig-receptor complex is transcytosed to the apical surface, and is released by enzymatic cleavage of a small piece of the receptor protein. The rest of the receptor protein remains on the Ig and is called the “secretory component.”

32
Q

What is the primary function of IgA?

A

To neutralize pathogens and toxins.

33
Q

Which Ig subtypes are involved in neutralization?

A

IgG and IgA

Immunology Pt. 1 (8 decks)

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