Lecture 2: Anatomy and physiology I Flashcards
Genes
Each human cell contains about 10 feet of DNA, coiled into a dense tangle. But only a very small percentage of DNA encodes gees, which control inherited traits like eye colour, blood type and so on
Junk DNA
Stretches of DNA around and between genes seemed to do nothing, and were called junk DNA. But now researchers think that the junk DNA contains a large number of tiny genetic switches, controlling how genes function within the cell.
Regulation
The many genetic regulators seem to be arranged in a complex and redundant hierarchy. Scientists are only beginning to map and understand this network, which regulates how cells, organs and tissues behave
Disease
Errors or mutations in genetic switches can disrupt the network and lead to a range of diseases. The new findings will spur further research and may lead to new drugs and treatments.
Genotype
All factors responsible for the genetic constitution of an individual
Phenotype
An individuals characteristics resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Inside a bone
The outside layer of a bone is made of hard dense- and heavy- compact bone. Within this is a layer of spongy bone, a honeycomb of struts and spaces that is both light and strong. Together they make the skeleton strong enough to support your body weight and absorb the bumps and jolts that happen when you move, but light enough for you to move easily
Types of bone
Compact- most exterior bone
>Diaphysis of long bone and thinner surfaces of others
>Lamellae are in concentric rings around a central (haversian) canal
>Blood vessels run through canals
>Canal with surrounding lamellae and osteocytes are an osteon, or haversian system
Bone Anatomy terms
> Foramen- hole
Canal or meatus- elongated hole
Fossa- depression
Tubercle/tuberosity- lump
Process- projection
Condyle- Rounded end; usually articular
Crest- ridge
Human Skeleton
> 206 bones (although number generally decreased with age)
Divided into:
-Axial –>skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
-Appendicular –>upper and lower limb plus girdles
Naming Muscles
-location
-Origin and insertion
Number of heads
-Size
-Function
Skull- Lateral (side) view
-Temporal bones
>External Auditory Meatus
>Mastoid Process
-Join parietals at squamous suture
-Frontal bone- joins at Coronal structure
-Occipital bone- Lambdoid suture
-Sphenoid visible
-zygomatic bone; maxilla; mandible
Skull- Frontal view
-Frontal bone; zygomatic bones; maxillae; mandible
-Orbits –>made of 7 bones each
>Superior and inferior orbital fissures
>Optic foramen
>Nasolacrimal canal
-Nasal Cavity
>Divided by nasal septum–> vomer and ethmoid
-Paranasal sinuses
>Frontal, maxillary; ethmoidal and sphenoidal
Endocranial base
-Three fossae –> anterior, middle and posterior
-Foramina in Middle Fossa
>passage of Nerves and blood vessels
-Foramen Magnum
-Sella turcica–> Pituitary gland
Basicranium- Inferior view
-Occipital condyles
-Styloid processes
-Mandibular Fossa
-Hard Palate- maxillae and palatine bones
Muscles of Mastication
-Temporalis
-Masseter
-Medial and Lateral Pterygoid
Axial Skeleton
-Skull-
>22 individual bones plus 6 auditory ossicles; hyoid
-Vertebral column
>Cervical
>Thoracic
>Lumbar
>Sacral
>Coccygeal
Cervical Vertebrae
-Atlas –>First cervical vertebra
>No body; large facets for occipital condyles
-Axis –>second cervical vertebra
>Dens
Thoracic Vertebrae
-N=12
-Have costal facets on transverse process
-Demifacets on vertebral body
-long, delicate spinous process
Lumbar Vertebrae
-N=5
-Short, stubby spinous process
-Large, thick bodies
-Locking articular facets
Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebrae
-Sacral Vertebrae
>N=5
>Fused together into wedge-shaped scrum
-Coccygeal vertebra
>N= ca4
>Vestigal
Axial skeleton
Thoracic Cage
-24 ribs
-sternum –> made up from 3 bones
Appendicular skeleton upper limb
Pectoral Girdle
-Scapula
-Clavicle
Upper limb
-Humerus
-Ulna +Radius
-Carpals
-Metacarpals and Phalanges
Muscles of arm movement
-Deltoid
-Latissimus dorsi
-Pectoralis major
-Teres major
