Lecture 2: Anatomy and physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

Each human cell contains about 10 feet of DNA, coiled into a dense tangle. But only a very small percentage of DNA encodes gees, which control inherited traits like eye colour, blood type and so on

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2
Q

Junk DNA

A

Stretches of DNA around and between genes seemed to do nothing, and were called junk DNA. But now researchers think that the junk DNA contains a large number of tiny genetic switches, controlling how genes function within the cell.

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3
Q

Regulation

A

The many genetic regulators seem to be arranged in a complex and redundant hierarchy. Scientists are only beginning to map and understand this network, which regulates how cells, organs and tissues behave

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4
Q

Disease

A

Errors or mutations in genetic switches can disrupt the network and lead to a range of diseases. The new findings will spur further research and may lead to new drugs and treatments.

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5
Q

Genotype

A

All factors responsible for the genetic constitution of an individual

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

An individuals characteristics resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment

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7
Q

Inside a bone

A

The outside layer of a bone is made of hard dense- and heavy- compact bone. Within this is a layer of spongy bone, a honeycomb of struts and spaces that is both light and strong. Together they make the skeleton strong enough to support your body weight and absorb the bumps and jolts that happen when you move, but light enough for you to move easily

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8
Q

Types of bone

A

Compact- most exterior bone
>Diaphysis of long bone and thinner surfaces of others
>Lamellae are in concentric rings around a central (haversian) canal
>Blood vessels run through canals
>Canal with surrounding lamellae and osteocytes are an osteon, or haversian system

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9
Q

Bone Anatomy terms

A

> Foramen- hole
Canal or meatus- elongated hole
Fossa- depression
Tubercle/tuberosity- lump
Process- projection
Condyle- Rounded end; usually articular
Crest- ridge

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10
Q

Human Skeleton

A

> 206 bones (although number generally decreased with age)
Divided into:
-Axial –>skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
-Appendicular –>upper and lower limb plus girdles

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11
Q

Naming Muscles

A

-location
-Origin and insertion
Number of heads
-Size
-Function

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12
Q

Skull- Lateral (side) view

A

-Temporal bones
>External Auditory Meatus
>Mastoid Process
-Join parietals at squamous suture
-Frontal bone- joins at Coronal structure
-Occipital bone- Lambdoid suture
-Sphenoid visible
-zygomatic bone; maxilla; mandible

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13
Q

Skull- Frontal view

A

-Frontal bone; zygomatic bones; maxillae; mandible
-Orbits –>made of 7 bones each
>Superior and inferior orbital fissures
>Optic foramen
>Nasolacrimal canal
-Nasal Cavity
>Divided by nasal septum–> vomer and ethmoid
-Paranasal sinuses
>Frontal, maxillary; ethmoidal and sphenoidal

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14
Q

Endocranial base

A

-Three fossae –> anterior, middle and posterior
-Foramina in Middle Fossa
>passage of Nerves and blood vessels
-Foramen Magnum
-Sella turcica–> Pituitary gland

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15
Q

Basicranium- Inferior view

A

-Occipital condyles
-Styloid processes
-Mandibular Fossa
-Hard Palate- maxillae and palatine bones

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16
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

-Temporalis
-Masseter
-Medial and Lateral Pterygoid

17
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-Skull-
>22 individual bones plus 6 auditory ossicles; hyoid
-Vertebral column
>Cervical
>Thoracic
>Lumbar
>Sacral
>Coccygeal

18
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

-Atlas –>First cervical vertebra
>No body; large facets for occipital condyles
-Axis –>second cervical vertebra
>Dens

19
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

-N=12
-Have costal facets on transverse process
-Demifacets on vertebral body
-long, delicate spinous process

20
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

-N=5
-Short, stubby spinous process
-Large, thick bodies
-Locking articular facets

21
Q

Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebrae

A

-Sacral Vertebrae
>N=5
>Fused together into wedge-shaped scrum
-Coccygeal vertebra
>N= ca4
>Vestigal

22
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Thoracic Cage
-24 ribs
-sternum –> made up from 3 bones

23
Q

Appendicular skeleton upper limb

A

Pectoral Girdle
-Scapula
-Clavicle

Upper limb
-Humerus
-Ulna +Radius
-Carpals
-Metacarpals and Phalanges

24
Q

Muscles of arm movement

A

-Deltoid
-Latissimus dorsi
-Pectoralis major
-Teres major

25
Q

Forearm movements

A

Triceps brachii,
biceps brachii,
brachialis and
bracioradialis

26
Q

Appendicular Skeleton lower limb

A

Pelvic Girdle
-Innominate –> ilium, ischium, pubis

Lower limb
-Femur
-Tibia + Fibula
-Tarsals
-Metatarsals and Phalanges